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After Breast Cancer Surgery: What Happens Next?

After Breast Cancer Surgery: What Happens Next?

Introduction

Women all over the world have achieved recovery post breast cancer surgery and continue to lead normal or near normal lives. This involves a combination of physical healing, being in control of emotions, and continued medical support. Here are answers to the common question – after breast cancer surgery: what happens next?

Quick Overview Of Breast Cancer And Its Symptoms

Here is a quick overview of breast cancer before we look at answers to the question after breast cancer surgery: what happens next? This is a type of cancer that forms in the breast, that typically starts in the milk ducts or the lobules. Treatment outcomes are much better when the condition is detected early. 

Symptoms of breast cancer include the following:

  • Formation of lumps or thickening in the breast or underarm.
  • Changes in the size or shape of the breast.
  • Changes in the skin on the breast such as dimpling, reddish appearance or scaling.
  • Fluid discharge from the nipple that could have traces of blood at times. 
  • Changes in the nipple.
  • Pain in the breast or nipple.

People who are more at risk of breast cancer include the following categories:

  • Increases with age.
  • Family history.
  • Hormonal factors such as early menstruation, late menopause.
  • Lifestyle reasons such as obesity, or consumption of alcohol.

What Procedure Is Performed During Breast Cancer Surgery?

Here is a look at the different procedures carried out, as part of answers to the question after breast cancer surgery: what happens next? The choice of procedure will depend on the stage of the cancer, its type and location. Commonly used procedures include the following:

  1. Lumpectomy involving removal of the tumor and some of the surrounding healthy tissue. This helps to preserve most of the breast. This is the ideal choice for early-stage cancers or when the tumor is small. 
  2. Mastectomy involving removal of the entire breast and nearby tissues, and this depends on the extent of cancer. There are sub-types including, full removal, removal of breast and lymph nodes in the armpit, removal by retaining the skin, and removal by retaining the nipple.
  3. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy involving removal of the first few lymph nodes. This is to check if additional lymph nodes need to be removed.
  4. Axillary Lymph Node Dissection involving removal of many lymph nodes from the armpit. This is to prevent the spread to other parts of the body.
  5. Breast Reconstruction Surgery for restoration of the physical appearance of the breast. This is performed using either implants or tissue from another part of the body.

What Is Breast Reconstruction And How Is It Performed?

Here is a good look at breast reconstruction as part of answers to the question after breast cancer surgery: what happens next? This surgical procedure helps to restore the shape and appearance of the breast post-surgery, such as mastectomy or lumpectomy.

Different types of breast reconstruction include:

  • Implants using saline or silicone.
  • Autologous reconstruction using tissue from the abdomen, back, thighs, or buttocks of the patient. 
  • Combination procedure combining implants with tissue from the patient.
  • Nipple and areola reconstruction using skin grafts.

The reconstruction surgery may be performed either immediately after the breast surgery or months/ years after additional treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation.

Recovery from reconstruction surgery may require hospital stay for less than five days, depending on the procedure. Typical recovery time required is between 4–8 weeks for most patients. There could be some kind of pain, and the patient needs to follow-up with visits to monitor the healing

What Are The Different Options In Breast Cancer Treatment?

It is important to be aware of possible options of cancer treatment, when answering the question after breast cancer surgery: what happens next? The type of treatment depends on the stage of cancer, nature of cancer and overall health of the patient. Common treatment options include the following:

  1. Surgery – as outlined in earlier sections.
  2. Radiation therapy – this makes use of high-energy beams to destroy targeted cancer cells. This is used post-surgery to kill remaining cancer cells. The different types include external beam radiation and internal radiation.
  3. Chemotherapy – this relies on drugs to destroy cancer cells or to prevent their growth. This is used prior to surgery, to shrink the tumor and after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells.  The drugs are given are either intravenously or as oral pills.
  4. Hormone therapy – this works by blocking hormones that are responsible for breast cancers. Drugs are given after surgery, and also as prevention in high-risk cases.
  5. Targeted therapy – is resorted to focus on certain proteins or genetic mutations that are responsible for cancer growth.
  6. Immunotherapy – is intended to boost the immune system that will recognize and attack cancer cells. This option is usually combined with chemotherapy.

How To Achieve Risks Prevention Of Breast Cancer?

It is now time to look at risks’ prevention, after the above answers to the question after breast cancer surgery: what happens next? Though there are no guarantees that breast cancer can be prevented, it is possible to reduce the risk of developing it. Here are some of the options to help reduce risk of breast cancer:

  1. Weight – is to be maintained as per ideal healthy range. This is because obesity is linked to a higher risk of breast cancer, since excess fat is known to increase estrogen levels.
  2. Physically active lifestyle – is important as this can lower estrogen levels and also improve immune function. This will reduce the risk of breast cancer.
  3. Alcohol – consumption increases risk by affecting estrogen levels and promoting the growth of cancer cells.
  4. Smoking – is linked to an increased risk, especially in premenopausal women.
  5. Breastfeeding – is known to lower the risk, especially if breastfeeding is continued for several months.
  6. Hormone Replacement Therapy – when carried out on a long term basis increases the risk of breast cancer.
  7. Family history – of breast cancer may also pose a risk. The best option is to undergo genetic testing to look for risks of inherited conditions and mutations. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamilnadu help to reveal inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.

 

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Can Colon Cancer Be Cured Without Surgery?

Can Colon Cancer Be Cured Without Surgery?

Introduction

Treatment of colon cancer hinges on the stage and the actual location of the cancer. Surgery is regarded as a highly effective treatment for many cases, and is typically a commonly carried out procedure. A common question among patients and caregivers is – can colon cancer be cured without surgery? It is possible to treat colon cancer without surgery, but this depends on progression of the condition. Here is a detailed look at available non-surgical approaches.

Quick Look At Colon Cancer Treatment Options

Let us look at some treatment options before we look at detailed information on the question – can colon cancer be cured without surgery? The different stages and possible treatment options are mapped below.

  1. Early-stage colon cancer – Also known as polyps or localized tumors, the treatment options include endoscopic treatments through removal via colonoscopy. Radiotherapy is another option, through rarely used to shrink small tumors.
  2. Advanced stages – Patients with advanced stages of the condition may typically be administered chemotherapy to kill cancer cells. This will also help to prevent growth in metastatic colon cancer cases. Another option is targeted therapy to work on specific molecules causing cancer growth. Other options include immunotherapy to recognize and attack cancer cells, and this is suitable for certain genetic types of colon cancer.  

Generally, for a majority of cases, surgery is the primary treatment for colon cancer. Patients with severe health conditions, might sometimes be given non-surgical options as per specific case characteristics. 

What Is Colon Cancer?

It is now time to understand more about colon cancer as part of answers to the question can colon cancer be cured without surgery? This refers to a type of cancer in the large intestine, that is a part of the digestive system. This starts as a small, noncancerous growth on the inner lining of the colon, which may turn into cancer over time.

Colon cancer develops in a particular manner. Cells usually grow and divide in a controlled way in the colon. Whenever this process is disrupted, it results in the formation of abnormal cells, resulting in small tumors.  When left untreated, these may turn cancerous and also start expanding into surrounding tissues.

Symptoms are typically not noticeable initially, but may become discernible as the condition progresses. For instance, there could be changes in bowel routine, such as diarrhea or constipation. You may observe traces of blood in stool or pain in the abdomen, with possible cramps or bloating. Sudden weight loss, and unexplained tiredness is another symptom.

Certain categories of people are at higher risk of the condition.  For instance, people over the age of 50, and those with a family history of colon cancer are at higher risk. A diet that is rich in red or processed meats, low in fiber can also cause colon cancer. Certain lifestyle habits are also responsible – for instance, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption are all risk factors.

Colon cancer is diagnosed through colonoscopy, involving a camera to view the inside of the colon and remove polyps. Biopsy is performed to extract a tissue sample to check for cancer cells. Other methods include CT scans or MRIs to understand if the cancer has spread.

Role of genetic testing – It is a good idea to undergo genetic testing to understand possible risk of colon cancer. It is especially beneficial for people with a family history of colon cancer. It looks for inherited mutations in certain genes that are known to increase the possibility of colon cancer. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamilnadu offer people a great option of undergoing tests to identify future or lifetime risk.

What Is Colorectal Cancer, Is It The Same As Colon Cancer?

With the above information, it is now time to make some clarifications as part of answers to the question – can colon cancer be cured without surgery? Colorectal cancer refers to cancer in the colon or rectum, that happen to be a part of the digestive system. Colon cancer refers to cancer in the colon, while colorectal cancer refers to cancers in the colon and the rectum.

Here is a quick comparison of colon and rectum.

Colon is the longest part of the large intestine, with the role of absorbing water and nutrients from food. Rectum is the last part of the large intestine, with the role of storing waste before being eliminated from the body.

How Will A Health Care Team Help During Cancer Treatment?

Let us look at how health care teams can help during treatment. This will help in answering the question – can colon cancer be cured without surgery? Healthcare teams offer complete care managing medical, emotional, and practical needs of the patient. Teams comprise different specialists who work together to deliver the best possible outcome.

This includes specialists such as an Oncologist, who will oversee and plan the treatment, for instance, chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy. The specialist will also monitor progress and modify treatment as required.

The next specialist is a surgeon who would undertake the surgery to remove tumors, apart from ensuring pre- and post-operative care. A radiation oncologist is one who would manage the radiation therapy, while the nurse delivers hands-on care, administering medications, and ensures that side effects are minimized. The team also comprises a dietitian to ensure a healthy diet during treatment, while the counselor addresses mental health issues like anxiety, depression, or stress.

Is Cancer Treatment Without Surgery Possible?

This brings us to the final summary – can colon cancer be cured without surgery? Cancer treatment without surgery is technically possible, but this depends on the type, stage, location of the cancer, and the patient’s health. Non-surgical treatments are known to be effective in managing certain cases, and methods include:

  1. Chemotherapy – through drugs to kill cancer cells or prevent growth. Ideal for cancers that have spread, or extensive for surgery, or when patient’s health condition does not permit surgery.
  2. Radiation therapy – through high-energy beams to destroy targeted cancer cells.
  3. Immunotherapy – boosts the immune system to identify and tackle cancer cells.
  4. Targeted therapy – through drugs to tackle specific molecules causing cancer cell growth.
  5. Hormone therapy – to block hormones that drive specific cancers, such as estrogen or testosterone.
  6. Photodynamic therapy – through special drugs activated by light to kill cancer cells.
  7. Combination therapy – through a combination of different treatments for best results.
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Understanding The Symptoms Of Lymphoma Cancer

Understanding The Symptoms Of Lymphoma Cancer​

Introduction

Cancer of the lymphatic system is known as lymphoma cancer. It is important to be able to identify the symptoms of the condition to be able to seek timely treatment. A point that needs to be borne in mid is that there are no options to prevent the condition in people with certain risk factors. The only option is to screen and undergo timely treatment. Here are simple methods to help in understanding the symptoms of lymphoma cancer.

What Is Lymphoma?

Understanding the symptoms of lymphoma cancer begins with awareness or an overview of the condition. As outlined above, this is a cancer of the lymphatic system, that is a part of the disease-fighting immune system of the body. The condition begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system begin to grow out of control and change in nature.

The lymphatic system comprises lymph nodes that are located throughout the body. Typically, most of the lymph nodes are in the abdomen, the groin, chest, underarms and the neck. The lymphatic system comprises the spleen, thymus, tonsils and bone marrow.

The condition can affect all of the above areas, and also has the capability to affect other organs in the body.

What Is Hodgkin Lymphoma?

In continuation of understanding the symptoms of lymphoma cancer here is a quick overview of one of the sub-types. Known earlier as Hodgkin disease, this is one of the two types of this cancer. This type occurs when some of the white blood cells known as lymphocytes, begin to grow abnormally. This results in the formation of tumors in the lymph nodes, apart from other parts of the body.

Symptoms of this sub-type include:

Swollen lymph nodes – typically in the neck, underarms, or groin.

  • Outbreak of fever.
  • Sweating in the nights. 
  • Sudden loss of weight.
  • Unexplained tiredness.
  • Itching sensation in the skin. 

There are categories in this condition:

  • Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, which happens to be the most common form.
  • Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma, that is known to be rare in prevalence.

The diagnosis of this condition includes physical examination of swollen nodes, apart from biopsy and imaging tests. This subtype of lymphoma cancer is regarded as having high survival rates, and can be treated very effectively, especially if diagnosed early. Treatment includes options such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplant.

What Is Non Hodgkin Lymphoma?

In continuation of understanding the symptoms of lymphoma cancer let us look at the difference between the two sub-types. Both are cancers of the lymphatic system, however, there is a difference in terms of the abnormal cells, symptoms presented, progression of the condition, and treatment.

The sub-categories of non-hodgkin lymphoma include: 

  •       B-cell lymphomas, that happen to be the most common type.
  •       T-cell lymphomas, which are known to be relatively less common.
  •       There is another sub-category, slow-growing or fast-growing.

Commonly reported symptoms include:

  •       Swollen lymph nodes, typically in the neck, armpits, or groin.
  •       Outbreak of fever and night sweats
  •       Abnormal tiredness.
  •       Sudden loss of weight.
  •       Pain in the abdomen or possible swelling.
  •       Cough that does not go away, and difficulty breathing. 

Diagnosis: includes physical examination, biopsy of lymph node, and imaging tests. Other tests include blood tests and bone marrow biopsy.  Treatment outcomes depend on the type and the stage of the condition. The slow growing types can be managed for many years with the right treatment, while the aggressive types are known to respond to treatment quickly.

Treatment includes low-intensity therapies, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, CAR T-cell therapy and stem cell transplant.

What Are The Risk Factors Of Lymphoma Cancer?

With the above understanding the symptoms of lymphoma cancer here is a look at the risk factors of the condition. Some factors are known to trigger increased risk and include the following:

  • Weakened immune system – When the immune system is weak as a result of medicines or other disease, there is the possibility of higher risk. For instance, patients on medicines to control the immune system post organ transplant, HIV infections are likely to have a weakened immune system.
  • Family history – Patients with a family of the condition are exposed to higher risk. This could be a parent, sibling or child with the condition. 
  • Certain infections – People with Epstein-Barr virus or Helicobacter pylori infections are likely to be at higher risk of lymphoma cancer.
  • Age – Certain age groups are prone to specific types of lymphoma.

What Are The Options For Lymphoma Treatment?

With the above understanding the symptoms of lymphoma cancer, it is time to look at the treatment options. Before that, here is a quick look at the advantages of genetic testing of this cancer. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamilnadu offer valuable insights, helping plan treatment, apart from identifying inherited predispositions.

Genetic testing for tumor profiling analyzes genetic mutations and changes in lymphoma cells. This also helps to classify subtypes, offering important inputs on targeted therapies. Germline genetic testing tests the inherited DNA to identify genetic conditions like Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Ataxia-Telangiectasia.

Treatment of lymphoma includes chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells or prevent the cells from growing. Possible side effects of chemotherapy include fatigue, nausea, loss of hair, lowered immunity. Another option is radiation therapy, using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. Side effects of this therapy includes skin irritation, sudden fatigue, and tissue damage.

Other treatment options include targeted therapy using drugs to target molecules that cause growth of cancer cells. Immunotherapy is the next option, where the immune system gets a boost to fight cancer. Stem cell transplant, also known as bone marrow transplant, involves replacing the damaged bone marrow with healthy cells. This is used when there is a relapse, or after high-dose chemotherapy in an effort to restore the production of blood cells. The possible side effects of this option include expose to risk of infections, and diseases due to transplant in the host.

Treatment outcomes will depend on various factors. However, a broad understanding of results can be as outlined below.

  •  For early-stage Hodgkin Lymphoma, the ideal option may be chemotherapy with or without radiation.
  • When the condition is diagnosed as aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, the suggested option may include R-CHOP, CAR T-cell therapy, and transplants.
  • When the condition is diagnosed as indolent NHL, ideal treatment may include targeted therapy and long-term disease control.

 

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How Long Before Brain Tumor Symptoms Show?

How Long Before Brain Tumor Symptoms Show?

What Causes Cancer?

Cancers are capable of showing up occur in any organ of the human body. Both genders stand almost equal chances; however, there is marked difference in the types of cancers seen among men versus women. Cancer – essentially – is an autoimmune ailment. Most commonly encountered cancerous conditions develop in sites like lungs, cervix (of women), head and neck, blood, etc.  

Autoimmune Disease Genetic Testing Kit can detect the 
Early diagnosis of cancers helps attain a considerable level of success with the end-results. But cancers diagnosed at a much later stage – say, he third or final stages, are believed to have limited room for long-term survival. However, modern medical sciences have a handful of pathbreaking innovations by their sides; with the help of such ultra-modern treatments, rates of survival of people with cancers have improved to a substantial level.  

Beware of the most commonly witnessed symptoms of cancers; these are quite similar to common day problems. It is hence possible to get misled by these supposedly innocuous / harmless signs. Persistent spells of headaches, lower back pain, abdominal conditions like incessant spells of diarrhea, etc., are the most commonly experienced signs. 

If risks of cancer run in your family, it is extremely important to speak with a professional caregiving team or a team of specialists called oncologists. 

But What Causes Brain Cancers?

Among these multiple forms of tumors, brain cancers are a condition wherein your tissues of the cerebral system grow at a very rapid rate. Brain tumors are typified based on several factors – key among them is growth rate of cancerous cells in brain, the site in which these cancers are spotted, rate by which they multiply, is it a primary or a secondary form of cancer, etc.  
 
There are cases where brain-based cells grow into a cyst or a lump deep inside your cerebral system. Of the glaring reasons as to why you get this autoimmune disease, there are many possible causes: of the several identified causes – elderly people (or those aged above 55 years) are more vulnerable than others; if you have a clinical record or past history of tumors among the members of your immediate family i.e., blood-based relatives – like your parents or siblings. 

People who smoked / still smoking cigars, cigarettes or other tobacco-based products are at an added level of risk of developing cancers. If you have viral strands of the Epstein Barr genre or similar such strands, the risks of getting brain cancers are fairly high. 
 
Environmental factors may also have an influence on cancer development. Workplaces where hazardous items like lead (or such other metals), polluting substances like plastic, runner or other chemical-based products are handled, odds are high for tumors to make way. Lastly, if you are working in herbicide-making units or a place where pesticides are either manufactured / handled, stay wary of likely chances of getting cancers from such environment. 
 
Brain cancers are segmented into two (2) major sub-types; 1- primary cancers and 2- secondary form of tumors. Primary brain cancers rake shape if you smoke, work in polluting places or if your family lineage has onset of tumors in it. The next category is secondary brain cancers. Thee show up among those who already have cancers  – not in brain but in some other organ(s). These occur when cancers start spreading from the primary location to sites like your cerebral system.  

How Long Before Brain Tumor Symptoms Show?

This is best answered through a concept called metastasis. This is referred to as the spreading over of tumors. The time taken – in case of secondary brain cancers – is the duration needed for tumors to make it to the cerebral system – from places as remote as lungs, breasts, and even from as far as your urinary bladder.  

Brain cancers may also have their origins to skin conditions (read: cancers) such as melanoma. Yes, these may also spread over to affect your brain – in some very rare instances, though.  

How long before brain tumor symptoms show also depend on the type of cancers you are afflicted by. Brain tumors are classified chiefly by where they show up and at what rate they mature into an autoimmune condition. 

Of the several brain conditions, medulloblastoma is known to grow at a very fast pace. These cancers are more common among children. As the effects rake shape quicker, if you do not care to treat them – they may spread to your kids’ nerves, at a very fast rate. 

Apart from medulloblastoma, glioma is a commonly encountered brain tumor. This derives its name as it occurs glial tissues / cells. Of the total set of brain tumors, glioma is observed in more than 1/4th of all cases. This is known for a moderate pace of growth. Meningioma – another type of brain tumor – affects tissues and cells of cerebrum. Most grown-up people – i.e., those with brain conditions – have this form of it. This is capable of spreading to the spinal channel. 

It takes a lot of time to detect brain cancers like craniopharyngioma and ganglioglioma. The former occurs near the pituitary gland – responsible for growth. This form of cancer applies a considerable level of pressure onto tour visual nerves. One of the unmistakable signs of craniopharyngioma is an inability to view items properly – items present both at a long distance and also in shorter distance.  

The latter – ganglioglioma – also takes a longer duration to make its presence felt. It may also spread to other nerve cells in your spine. Both these brain cancers take a considerably longer time to grow within your brain.  

Signs Of Brain Tumor

Each type of cancer occurs – however slow or fast – with its own typical set of signs. No two forms of tumors are known to form with the same types of symptoms. Signs of brain tumors are a factor of site (within the brain), speed of growth, severity, primary or secondary type, presence of other forms of tumors in your body, etc.  

Also, when two people live with brain tumors, it is unlikely for both to experience the same symptoms – i.e., regardless of the site and type being the same. The signs you may encounter depends on your age, your lifestyle habits – such as smoking / drinking / daily dietary practices, etc. 

Most signs of brain cancers are known to exhibit a few common-day signs. Hence, you may never suspect the incidence of tumors by observing a few seemingly minor symptoms. It is a major decision to visit a certified medical professional. Yes, it certainly needs the thoughtful observation and decisions of a caregiver to decide on what is ailing you.  

Most people with brain tumors are known to report signs such as frequent episodes of migraines / headache, inability to speak in an undisturbed manner,  giddiness, drowsiness, convulsions accompanied by twitching of muscles, etc. Some people have reported of inability to maintain bodily balance, experiencing a fall – more often, difficulties to remain focused, possible lapses of memory, etc. It is also quite likely you have a changed personality or way of behaving. 

Brain Tumor Treatment

Many modern pathways exist to treat brain tumors. Treatment protocols based on drugs – known as chemotherapy, pathways involving high-intensity rays – called radiation oncology or radiotherapy,  and surgical interventions are commonly pursued.  

In case of radiation therapy, an equipment called linac i.e., linear accelerator is used to produce and emit high-intensity onto the affected part. It is also possible – in several cases – your caregiver may take a comprehensive treatment plan involving all the above three treatment pathways, as a combinatorial form. 

Brain Tumor Surgery

Brain tumor surgeries are a common pathway for the treatment of cancers in your cerebral system. These surgical procedures use methods to remove a tumor /cancer from the brain or from tissues nearby. One major thing here is your surgical team takes needful precautions to make sure the healthy tissues or organs of the brain are protected during the procedure.  
 
One of the widely used forms of surgery for brain tumors is craniotomy. This is done by opening your cranium. Depending on the type of cancer and its intensity, your caregiving team may perform a laser-based ablation. Here, a heat source (read: laser) is located inside the brain to generate heat. The heat thus made is used to destroy cancerous cells.  
 
Your team of oncologists may also do procedures that are minimal in their invasiveness. These are done through the endonasal route; your surgical team is rightly placed to take needful decisions. If it is your aim to have added details about brain tumor surgery, you are advised to talk to your caregiving team and know more. 

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Lymphoma Cancer And Hodgkin Lymphoma

Lymphoma Cancer And Hodgkin Lymphoma

Introduction

A form of blood cancer that affects the lymphatic system, incidences of Lymphoma cancer are on the rise in India. The condition is higher in prevalence among younger age groups. However, advances in treatment have helped to improve outcomes. Here is a good look at the condition, its sub-types and treatment options, offering answers to the question what is Lymphoma cancer?

What Is The Survival Rate Of Lymphoma?

Before we look at answers to the question what is Lymphoma cancer? let us look at the survival rates for the condition. This depends on the type, the actual stage at diagnosis, and overall health. Broadly, the survival rates are as outlined categorised below:

Hodgkin Lymphoma – Average 5-year survival rate is around 86%.

  • Early stage – Around 91%.
  • Advanced stage – Around 81% 

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – Average 5-year survival rate is around 73%.

  • Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma – Around 60-70%.
  • Follicular lymphoma – Around 85-90%.

Various factors determine or influence the survival rates, for instance the stage, subtype, treatment and age of the patient.

What Is Hodgkin Lymphoma?

With the above information, it is now time to answer the question what is Lymphoma cancer? This is best answered by looking at the two types of this condition. The first is Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer that starts in the lymphatic system, that is a part of the immune system. In this condition, there is abnormal growth of a type of white blood cell.

There are subtypes of this condition – Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma and Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma. The latter is a rare form and has certain distinct features.

Symptoms that are common to the condition include the following:

  • Swollen, lymph nodes in the neck, underarms, or groin, without any pain.
  • Fever and breaking out into a sweat in the nights.
  • Sudden loss of weight.
  • Overall tiredness.
  • Itching sensation on the skin. 
  • Cough or chest discomfort that does not resolve. 

Hodgkin lymphoma is typically diagnosed using a combination of tests, including:

  • Biopsy.
  • Imaging.
  • Blood tests.

The condition is treated using the following methods:

  • Chemotherapy – As a primary treatment option. 
  • Radiation therapy – Typically chosen in early-stages.
  • Immunotherapy – Using monoclonal antibodies.
  • Stem cell transplant – Chosen for cases that relapse.

Quick Overview Of Non Hodgkin Lymphoma

Let us now look at the second sub-category to answer the question what is Lymphoma cancer? Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is a cancer that affects the lymphatic system, with uncontrolled growth of white blood cells. The difference with the Hodgkin lymphoma is the absence of a specific characteristic, the Reed-Sternberg cells.

The sub-types of this condition include B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas. The latter is relatively rare in occurrence. 

Symptoms of the condition include the following:

  • Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin.
  • Outbreak of fever, or night sweats.
  • Sudden loss of weight without any effort.
  • Overall tiredness and weakness.
  • Exposed to frequent infections.
  • Pain in the abdomen or swelling.

The condition is diagnosed through the following tests:

  • Biopsy.
  • Imaging tests such as CT, PET scans.
  • Blood tests.
  • Bone marrow biopsy.

Treatment of the condition typically involves:

  • Chemotherapy.
  • Immunotherapy.
  • Targeted therapy.
  • Radiation therapy.
  • Stem cell transplant.

What Is The Relation Between White Blood Cells And Lymphoma Cancer?

An understanding of the relation between white blood cells and Lymphoma is necessary to answer the question what is Lymphoma cancer? This is because the cancer is directly related to white blood cells as it begins in the lymphocytes. This is a type of WBC that has important functions in the immune system. They help protect the body from infections and diseases. The relation can be outlined as below:

  1. Types of lymphocytes:

B cells – They produce antibodies that help to fight infections.

T cells – They destroy infected cells or cancerous cells.

Lymphoma occurs when the lymphocytes begin growing uncontrollably as a result of genetic mutations.  Consequently, the normal function is disrupted and this causes cancer.

  1. Abnormal growth:

When the control mechanisms of the body do not function as required, this causes accumulation of lymphocytes. This occurs in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. This abnormal accumulation outnumber healthy WBCs, affecting the ability of the immune system to ward off infections. Lymphoma and various treatments can change WBC levels and affect immune function.

What Are The Different Treatment Options For Lymphoma Treatment?

To conclude, let us look at treatment options to answer the question what is Lymphoma cancer? Treatment depends on the stage of the condition, overall health and the sub-type of the disease, for instance hodgkin lymphoma or non hodgkin lymphoma.

Common treatment approaches include the following:

  1. Chemotherapy – Through drugs to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth. This is regarded as the first-line treatment for both types.
  2. Radiation therapy – Uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. This is usually used alone in early-stage disease or combined with chemotherapy.
  3. Immunotherapy – This boosts the immune system and helps to fight cancer cells.
  4. Targeted therapy – This uses drugs to specifically target molecules that are responsible for cancer growth.
  5. Stem cell transplant – Also known as bone marrow transplant, this is used to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells.
  6. CAR-T cell therapy – This is a new therapy involving genetic modification of a patient’s T-cells to attack cancer cells.
  7. Surgery – This is very rarely used, mostly for removal of tumors.

Will Genetic Testing Help In Detecting Or Treating Lymphoma Cancer?

While genetic testing will help in detecting and managing lymphoma, it is not usually regarded as a primary screening tool. Genetic testing is typically used for

  1. Diagnosis and identification of subtype – Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamil Nadu can help identify mutations or chromosomal abnormalities linked to lymphoma.
  2. Prognosis – A sample of blood or saliva is all that is required for analysis to identify genetic markers and predict the aggressiveness of lymphoma.
  3. Treatment – Genetic testing helps in planning personalized treatment, with targeted therapies.

Genetic testing is combined with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy for diagnosis. It plays a critical role in diagnosis, subtype classification, and planning treatment. 

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How Is Life After Tongue Cancer Surgery

How Is Life After Tongue Cancer Surgery

Introduction

Survival rates of cancer are between 70-90% when the treatment is combined with other methods and used during early stage I & II. Here is a detailed look at life after tongue cancer surgery to help understand more about the condition and the need for timely treatment. This will give you better outcomes and act proactively.

What Are The Symptoms Of Tongue Cancer?

As part of understanding life after tongue cancer surgery let us first look at possible ways to identify tongue cancer.  The symptoms depend on the stage of the disease and may vary accordingly. In the early stages, symptoms are most likely to be subtle and many people are more likely to overlook the same. Some of the common symptoms include the following: 

Initial symptoms

  • Formation of sores or ulcers on the tongue. Sores that are persistent and do not heal even after two weeks. Initially painless but turn out to be painful over time.
  • Formation of reddish or white patches. Known as erythroplakia or leukoplakia patches respectively, they form either on the tongue or inside the mouth.
  • Mild pain or sensation of discomfort may be experienced on the tongue. Some are likely to experience a burning sensation on the tongue.
  • Lump or thickening on the tongue that does not seem to heal.

Advanced symptoms

  • Experiencing pain while either eating or speaking:
  • Difficulty or pain during chewing, swallowing, or while moving the tongue for routine actions.
  • Persistent sore throat that feels like something is stuck in the throat for ever.
  • Numb sensation in the mouth or tongue. This is mostly experienced as some kind of unexplained numb sensation.
  • Discernible changes in voice may be observed. This could be more like a hoarse voice or some change in voice tone.
  • Bleeding may occur in in the tongue. This will mostly occur without any apparent reason.
  • Bad breath may also be experienced and this halitosis will not usually improve with oral hygiene.
  • Swollen lymph nodes may also be experienced. Here, formation of lumps in the neck are primarily due to spread to lymph nodes.

What Is Cancer Of The Tongue?

To understand more about life after tongue cancer surgery, it is necessary to learn about the condition. This oral cancer develops in the cells of the tongue, beginning in the squamous cells on the surface of the tongue. This cancer may affect different parts of the tongue, and determines the symptoms and treatment options.

Different types of tongue cancer include – oral tongue cancer and base of tongue cancer.

Common symptoms of tongue cancer include the following:

  • Reddish or whitish patch on the tongue.
  • Thickening of the tongue or formation of a lump.
  • Difficulty in chewing and swallowing.
  • Numb feeling in the tongue.
  • Bleeding in the tongue.
  • Pain on one side of the ear.

Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamilnadu offer patients the option of checking for risks from genetic mutations. While tongue cancer is not considered as hereditary, certain genes are studied to look for mutations. Genes that are commonly studied include TP53, EGFR, CDKN2A and PIK3CA. Samples of blood or saliva are all that is required for a detailed analysis. The generated reports offer specialists ta clear indication of risks and this will help to commence the right treatment. 

Overview Of Partial Glossectomy

Before we continue looking at life after tongue cancer surgery, here is a quick look at partial glossectomy. This is a surgical procedure involving removal of a portion of the tongue. This is to treat cancers or other conditions that affect the tongue.

The procedure involves preoperative tests such as CT or MRI scans, and biopsy to confirm cancer diagnosis. The surgery involves removal of the affected part of the tongue. It may also be necessary to remove some portion of healthy tissue to ensure elimination of all abnormal cells. In some instances, nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. When larger sections of the tongue are removed, it is reconstructed using tissue from other parts of the body.

What Are The Different Types Of Tongue Cancer Surgery?

The purpose of tongue cancer surgery is to remove the cancer completely while ensuring that the function of the tongue is protected. Surgery also helps to prevent spread of cancer to nearby tissues or lymph nodes. In some instances, surgery restores speech, improves swallowing and appearance. 

The different types of tongue cancer surgery include the following:

  • Partial glossectomy – Partial removal of the tongue.
  • Hemiglossectomy – Removal of one side of the tongue.
  • Total glossectomy – Removal of the entire tongue.
  • Neck dissection – Removal of the lymph nodes in the neck.

How To Lead A Quality Life After Tongue Cancer Recovery?

It is possible to lead a quality life after recovering from tongue cancer. This requires taking care of physical, emotional, and social aspects of health and well-being. Ideal strategies include the following:

  1. Health

Proper follow-up needs to be ensured through regular check-ups to monitor for presence of any complications or recurrence. Possible side effects need to be managed, for instance it may be necessary to undergo speech therapy and swallowing therapy.

A balanced diet is necessary for recovery. Choose a diet that is soft, nutritious to support chewing. Ensure that intake comprises high-protein foods, fruits, and vegetables for faster healing. Hydration and oral hygiene are important.

  1. Well-being

It is necessary to maintain emotion and mental well-being. Turn to support groups and rely on therapy, counselling to manage anxiety, depression, or apprehensions of recurrence.

  1. Changes to lifestyle

This is another important aspect of recovery. This will require you to quit tobacco and alcohol to prevent recurrence and to facilitate faster healing. Routine exercise is good to improve energy and mood.

  1. Socialising

This is an important phase of recovery and getting back to normalcy should be high on priority. Keep professional contacts informed of any limitations or special needs.

  1. Preventive measures

It would be necessary to undergo all vaccinations as applicable. For instance, the HPV vaccine may be required for certain patients. 

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Chemotherapy For Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide

Chemotherapy For Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Survival rates of breast cancer exceed 90% when the treatment is combined with other methods and used during early stage I & II. Here is a detailed look at chemotherapy for breast cancer: a comprehensive guide to help understand more about the condition and the need for timely treatment. This will give you better outcomes and act proactively.

What Are The Symptoms Of Breast Cancer?

To begin the chemotherapy for breast cancer: a comprehensive guide¸ let us look at possible ways to identify cancer. Symptoms of breast cancer depend on the type and stage of the disease. The likelihood of noticing symptoms in early breast cancer are less, and this makes it important to opt for regular screening. Some of the common symptoms include the following:

  1. Changes to the breast – This could be formation of lump or thickening in the breast or underarm. The size or shape of the breast may also begin to change. There could be possible swelling in a part of the breast, and this could occur without formation of a lump.
  2. Changes to skin – Reddish appearance or flaky skin in the nipple area may be observed. Similarly, dimpling of the skin, similar to that of an orange peel may also be observed. The skin on the breast may feel warm to the touch or may may appear inflamed.
  3. Changes to the nipple – This could be in the form of the nipple turning inward, or abnormal discharge from the nipple. The person may experience pain in the nipple or breast that does not resolve.

It is necessary to note that all lumps or changes may not necessarily indicate cancer. There are reasons that could be benign also. However, it is important to undergo screening, including regular mammograms to detect breast cancer before the onset of symptoms. This will significantly improve the outcomes of treatment.

Genetic testing of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes help to identify inherited genetic mutations that cause breast cancer. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamilnadu offer individuals simple solutions to check for inherited conditions. A sample of blood or saliva is analyzed and reports are generated that hep in identifying possible mutations.

Quick Overview Of Chemotherapy

This is one among the main types of cancer treatment relying on powerful drugs to kill cancer cells, and prevent their growth. This helps to prevent the cancerous cells from spreading and is used either alone or with other treatments such as surgery or radiation. Here is a quick overview of chemotherapy for breast cancer: a comprehensive guide to treatment.

Chemotherapy works by targeting rapidly dividing cells. During treatment, a small percentage of healthy cells, may also be affected, causing side effects. There are multiple goals of chemotherapy, as outlined below:

  • To completely eliminate cancer
  • Used post-surgery/radiation to destroy cancer cells that remain.
  • Prior to surgery to shrink tumors.
  • To offer relief from symptoms in advanced cancer.

Drugs used in chemotherapy include Cisplatin, Paclitaxel, Doxorubicin, and 5-Fluorouracil. The drugs are typically administered either intravenously, orally through pills or capsules, through injections in the muscle, or through topical applications like creams.

Side effects include short-term effects like fatigue, nausea, loss of hair, exposure to risk of infections, and loss of appetite. Long-term effects include fertility issues or possible damage to organs. 

What Is Breast Reconstruction?

With the above information outlined, let us look at breast reconstruction as part of understanding chemotherapy for breast cancer: a comprehensive guide to treatment. This is a surgical procedure aimed at rebuilding the appearance and size of the breast after removal of the breast or partial removal. However, the procedure will not restore natural sensation to the breast.

The different types of breast reconstruction include:

  • Implants such as saline or silicone to recreate the breast.
  • Autologous reconstruction relying on the patient’s own tissue from the abdomen, back, thighs, or buttocks.
  • Combination reconstruction relying on implants and autologous tissue for better natural look.
  • Oncoplastic surgery is a method that uses a combination of cancer surgery alongside reconstructive techniques. 

What Are The Different Options In Cancer Treatment?

In continuation of learning about chemotherapy for breast cancer: a comprehensive guide for treatment, let us look at present options for treatment. This depends on the type, stage, and location of cancer, and the overall health of the patient. Main treatment methods include the following:

  1. Surgery – Like curative surgery, preventive surgery, and palliative surgery to remove cancerous tissue.
  2. Radiation therapy – Like external beam radiation, brachytherapy, to kill or shrink cancer cells.
  3. Chemotherapy – Using drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells.
  4. Immunotherapy – To boost or modifies the immune system, which will help in recognizing and destroying cancer cells. Examples include checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapy, and cancer vaccines.
  5. Targeted therapy – Using drugs to target specific molecules that cause cancer growth. Examples include EGFR inhibitors and HER2-targeted drugs. 
  6. Hormone therapy – To either block or lower hormones that contribute to certain cancers.
  7. Stem cell transplant – Also known as bone marrow transplant to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells.
  8. Precision medicine – Relies on genetic profiling of the cancer to recommend personalized treatment. This helps identify the most effective treatments with best outcomes and lesser side effects.

How To Lead A Quality Life After Cancer Surgery?

To conclude about chemotherapy for breast cancer: a comprehensive guide, it helps to know about tips for leading a quality life post cancer surgery. This is achieved by taking care of the physical, emotional, and social challenges linked to recovery. This involves a combination of medical care, modifications to lifestyle, and some kind of emotional support. Here is a look at practical steps to help a cancer patient lead a better life post-surgery. 

  1. Physical recovery – This involves ensuring that proper follow-up care is maintained. For instance, all scheduled reviews with the healthcare team is to be fulfilled. This may involve imaging and blood tests, and will depend on the cancer type and stage. Similarly, rehabilitation is to be diligently followed. This could involve speech and swallowing therapy, physical therapy. Pain is also to be managed through intake of prescribed medications, apart from physiotherapy. Patients need to pay complete attention to meeting all nutritional needs.
  2. Emotional and mental health – This is a challenging area and will require support through counseling or therapy. The goal will be to work towards restoring normal routine, through small milestones.
  3. Changes to lifestyle – This is another important and often neglected area. Patients are to ensure high levels of activity, by engaging in regular, physical activity, including walking or stretching to improve energy levels, mood, and overall health. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are to be stopped, as this will help reduce risk of recurrence and improve healing. A healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is important.
  4. Other recommendations include socializing, immersing oneself in hobbies, and work on confidence levels.
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Cancer Surgery: What to expect?

Cancer Surgery: What To Expect?

Introduction

Annually the registered number of cancer cases in India is around 7 lakhs. It is estimated that there could be around 1.3 million cases occurring annually. A significant percentage of these cases require surgery as a form of treatment. Here is a detailed look at additional information on cancer surgery: what to expect after surgery? This will help in a clearer understanding of procedure and the stages that require surgery.

When Is Surgery Require For Cancer?

To understand more about cancer surgery: what to expect? It is necessary to know the stages or types of cancer that may require surgery as a treatment. Surgery is required in one of the following circumstances:

  1. Removal of tumor – Known as curative surgery, this is required when the cancer is localized and has not spread. This is applicable for early-stage breast, colon, or lung cancer.
  2. Diagnosis of cancer – Known as biopsy, this is required when imaging or other tests that may have indicated cancer, but require confirmation.
  3. Determination of present stage of cancer – This is necessary to assess the size, spread, or the involvement of the lymph node.
  4. Treatment of symptoms– Known as palliative, this surgery is performed when cancer cannot be cured. It is to manage the symptoms, like removal of blockages in the intestines, manage pain from tumors that exert pressure on organs.
  5. Preventive surgery – Also known as preventive or prophylactic surgery, this is carried out when there is a risk of cancer development. For instance, removal of ovaries. 

Surgery is performed when the cancer is considered as not too advanced or when it has not spread to critical areas. The patient needs to be fit to undergo surgery.

Quick Overview Of Cancer Surgery

Here is a quick overview of surgery in continuation of the understanding of cancer surgery: what to expect? As the name suggests, this surgery is a treatment involving removal of tumor that is cancerous from the body. There are multiple goals, as outlined in previous section above.

The different types of cancer surgery include the following:

  • Curative surgery – Involves complete removal of tumor.
  • Debulking surgery – Involves partial removal of tumor when complete removal is not safe.
  • Minimally invasive surgery – Involves use of small incisions to perform the procedure, such as laparoscopic surgery.
  • Reconstructive surgery – Focused on restoration of appearance, or function, for instance breast reconstruction.

Cancer surgery is effective for localized cancers, and is very often the first-line treatment. It comes with risks such as pain, infection, bleeding, scarring, and possible changes in certain body functions. Recovery after surgery will depend on the type of surgery. It typically involves wound care and managing side effects.  Typically, surgery is combined with other treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation for best outcomes.

What Is Breast Cancer?

It is necessary to have a clear idea about breast cancer as part of learning on cancer surgery: what to expect?  This refers to a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the breast, especially the ducts carry milk to the nipple, or the glands that produce milk. This is because of uncontrollable cell growth that results in formation of a tumor. This could be either benign or malignant.

Different types of breast cancer

The different types of breast cancer include the following:

  • Invasive Ductal Carcinoma.
  • Invasive Lobular Carcinoma.  
  • Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.
  • Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.
  • HER2-Positive Breast Cancer.

Symptoms of breast cancer

Common symptoms of breast cancer include the following:

  • Formation of lump either in the breast or armpit.
  • Noticeable changes in breast. This could be size, shape, or texture.
  • Abnormal discharge from the nipple or inversion.
  • Changes in the skin such as dimpling or reddish appearance. 

Diagnosis of breast cancer

This includes screening through mammograms, ultrasounds, or MRIs. Additionally, a biopsy may be performed by removing tissue for lab analysis. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamilnadu offer testing for hereditary risks of cancer.

What To Expect After Cancer Surgery?

A common question among patients and caregivers is about cancer surgery: what to expect? Here is a rundown of the post operative care and actions.

  1. Post surgery – Immediately after the procedure, and depending on the complexity, hospital stay may be required for few days. These stays are shorter for minimally invasive procedures. Pain and some sort of discomfort is likely to be experienced at the site of surgery, which is usually managed with medications. Drains may be connected to remove fluid and are temporary.
  2. Recovery – During recovery, it will be necessary to take care of the wound to prevent infection. Minimal movement is recommended to avoid blood clots and to improve circulation. Dietary modifications may also be suggested.  
  3. Side effects – Are a possibility and include swelling and bruising in the site of surgery.
  4. Long-term effects – The patient may experience mood swings. Rehabilitation may also be required, especially physical therapy to restore strength and support function.

What Are The Different Options For Cancer Treatment?

With the above information, it is time to look at options for cancer treatment as part of understanding cancer surgery: what to expect?  Different approaches include:

  1. Surgery – to remove the tumor.
  2. Chemotherapy – to kill or prevent growth of cancer cells with drugs.
  3. Radiation therapy – to destroy cancer cells through high energy radiation.
  4. Immunotherapy – to boost the immune system.
  5. Targeted therapy – to target specific genes, proteins, that contribute to spread of cancer.
  6. Hormone therapy – to block or remove hormones that contribute to growth of certain cancers.
  7. Stem cell/bone marrow transplant – to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy cells.
  8. Precision medicine – relying on genetic testing for personalized treatment.

How Will The Health Care Team Support After Surgery?

Healthcare teams help to manage overall care and include the following:

  1. Post-surgical monitoring – of vital signs, wound care, and pain management.
  2. Rehabilitation support – to restore movement and strength.
  3. Symptoms and side effects management – of post-surgical issues such as fatigue, swelling, or digestive problems.
  4. Emotional and psychological support – to cope with anxiety, depression, or appearance concerns.
  5. Long-term follow-up – to monitor for signs of cancer recurrence.
  6. Planning additional treatments – such as follow-up treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted therapy.
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Is Frequent Diarrhea a Sign of Cancer?

Is Frequent Diarrhea A Sign Of Cancer?

Introduction

Awareness of the symptoms of cancer helps patients seek timely interventions. Here is a good look at some of the common symptoms of cancer, including answers to the question – is frequent diarrhea a sign of cancer? This happens to be a very frequently asked question, and will help dispel any misconceived notions.

Common Symptoms Of Cancer

The symptoms commonly linked to cancer depend on the nature and location of the cancer. However, general signs and symptoms include the following. This will also help get better clarity on the question – is frequent diarrhea a sign of cancer? It is important to note that the following symptoms are also experienced in conditions that are unrelated to cancer.  It is therefore necessary to seek medical assistance to confirm or rule out the condition and not jump to conclusions.

  • Sudden weight loss – Shedding of weight can be an early sign, especially if the weight loss is high.
  • Overall tiredness – Feeling persistently tired, without relief from rest.
  • Pain – Experiencing pain in specific locations of the body without any apparent reason is also symptom.
  • Formation of lumps – When lumps form in the breast, testicles, this could also be a sign.
  • Changes to skin – Experiencing changes to the skin, such as moles could also be a sign. This is particularly important to note when the moles change shape, size, or color. 
  • Blood in stools, urine – Observing blood in urine or stools, is also a possible symptom.
  • Cough – When cough is persistent and blood is observed with cough, it could be a symptom.
  • Bowel changes – Sudden changes in bowel movements causing diarrhea, constipation. 
  • Difficulty swallowing – When a person has continuous problems during swallowing it needs to be checked.
  • Fever – When it is persistent, and without any apparent reason, it could be a cause. 
  • Sweating in the nights – A person with Intense sweating while asleep needs to undergo diagnosis.

When Should A Cancer Patient Be Worried Of Diarrhea?

A person diagnosed with cancer needs to take care when diarrhea is severe or persistent. Let us take a good look at the situations that need care, and also answer the question – is frequent diarrhea a sign of cancer?

  1. When diarrhea is frequent, severe, more than 5-6 times a day.
  2. Duration more than one or two days, despite treatments.
  3. Indicates dehydration, such as thirst, dry mouth, change in urine color, weakness.
  4. Accompanied by fever. 
  5. Severe pain in the abdomen. 
  6. Blood in stool.

What Are The Different Options For Cancer Treatment?

Options for treating cancer depend on the type, location, present stage, and overall health of the patient. An understanding of the available options for treatment helps, especially after clarifications on the question – is frequent diarrhea a sign of cancer?

  1. Surgery – Minimally invasive procedures or complex surgeries to remove the tumor and prevent spread. Used in early-stage cancers and when the tumor is localized.
  2. Radiation therapy – Kill or damage cancer cells through radiation from outside the body, or placing radioactive material near the tumor.
  3. Chemotherapy – Kill cancer cells and stop their growth through oral, intravenous medications.  
  4. Immunotherapy – Supports the immune system to attack cancer cells through checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapy, and monoclonal antibodies.
  5. Hormone therapy – Reduce hormones that assist spread of cancer, through drugs or surgical procedures.
  6. Stem cell transplant – Restore healthy stem cells in patients with damaged bone marrow, through own stem cells or donor stem cells.

What Should Be The First Step Of A Cancer Patient With Frequent Diarrhea?

Cancer patients experiencing frequent diarrhea, need to take measures to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Following the above information answering the question – is frequent diarrhea a sign of cancer? here is information on immediate steps.

  1. Get in touch with treating specialists for guidance.
  2. Ensure proper hydration, by consuming clear fluids. This could include water, electrolytes, or broths, and should not include caffeinated drinks or sugary beverages.
  3. Choose right diet by stick to bland, easy-to-digest foods. This could include bananas, rice and avoid fatty, spicy, or dairy-rich foods.
  4. Sufficient rest is necessary to help the body recover and manage stress. 
  5. Looking for other symptoms is very important. This includes indications such as fever, blood in stool, pain in abdomen.
  6. Avoid self-medications and OTC drugs if unsure of results and if not recommended.

Does Cancer Cause Diarrhea?

Yes, it is true that cancer can cause diarrhea, however, in most cases, diarrhea is the result of cancer treatments or other complications. With the above information on the question – is frequent diarrhea a sign of cancer? here is a look at different factors that cause diarrhea in cancer patients:

  1. Types of cancer that affect specific system

Gastrointestinal cancers – such as colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, and pancreatic cancer affect the digestive system and could cause diarrhea.

Tumors – that block or exert some kind of pressure on the intestines can cause diarrhea. This is because food and fluids may move through the digestive tract faster than required.

  1. Cancer treatments – such as chemotherapy drugs damage the lining of the intestines. These rugs also impact gut bacteria, causing diarrhea. Similarly, radiation therapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or lower spine affect intestines causing diarrhea.
  2. Side effects – of surgeries on the stomach, intestines, or digestive system can cause diarrhea.
  3. Medications – used to support treatment or manage symptoms can cause diarrhea. For instance, painkillers, antibiotics, affect the digestive system
  4. Conditions related to cancer – such as tumors and nutrient absorption are also known to cause diarrhea. For instance, specific types of cancer, like carcinoid tumors and pancreatic tumors, are known to secrete hormones. This, in turn may cause diarrhea. Similarly, poor nutrient absorption in the digestive tract, can also cause diarrhea.
  5. Infections – may be the outcome of a weakened immune system, arising from cancer and treatments. The suppressed immune system may make the patient prone to infections and this could result in possible diarrhea.
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How To Prevent Brain Cancer?

How To Prevent Brain Cancer

Introduction

Brain Cancers are essentially an autoimmune condition. The Autoimmune Disease Genetic Testing Kit can show up when cells at any site/organ of your body start to grow at a breakneck pace. Such autoimmune conditions can develop at any age and at any organ. Those with a clinical history of autoimmune disorders and people who have a family history of cancers need to consult with a caregiving team on a regular basis. Early diagnosis has a direct bearing on successful treatment. 

Brain cancer

Cancers are of many kind – depending on the site it shows up at, stage of this condition, etc. Among various kinds of tumors, cancers in your brain occur when cells multiply at an uncontrollable rate. Often times, brain cancers take the form of lumps deep inside your head. 

Caregivers i.e., oncologists classify tumors into two categories namely, primary form of brain tumor and secondary. Primary brain cancers may occur when you are exposed to hazards – such as working in pollutant-heavy environment, smoking for long and are habituated to such habits, prior incidence of such cancers in your family, etc.  

On the other hand, secondary category of brain tumors show up among those having other forms of cancers. In short, secondary category of brain cancers are caused by tumors spreading through other organs. In clinical terms, it is called metastasis; this means your condition is spreading out.  

Tumors from other organs and sites are capable of spreading to the brain. The most commonly experienced metastasis is from your renal system, bladder or cancers form the urinary system, etc. Cancers taking shape in breasts also have moved above to reach the brain. People with lung cancers are also at an added risk as cancers in the respiratory tract can metastasise to your cerebrum or cerebellum. In some rare cases, skin cancers – of the melanoma kind – may spread over to reach brain area!  

Oncologists specialising in brain cancers have classified various other sub-genres of these tumors i.e., apart from labelling as primary or secondary categories. These sub-classes are dependent on location of cancerous growth and the pace at which the condition grows.  

Sub-categories of brain cancers are ganglioglioma, glioma, meningioma, medulloblastoma, schwannomas, craniopharyngioma – to name some. Of these, cancers forming on glial-cells are known as gliomas. As high as 1/4th of all tumors showing up in brain are of the glioma-kind. You also need to know of meningioma; this condition affects cerebral tissues and cells. These conditions may spread to your spinal cord.  

Of the fast-growing cancers, medulloblastoma is a key condition. This grows quicker than may others and is quite common among children. Ganglioglioma is a condition that takes a very long time to develop; it may show up at nerves of your brain. Another sub-category is craniopharyngioma, diagnosed way too close to the pituitary glands. These can press your visual nerves and make it difficult for you to see things.  

Causes of Brain Tumor

There are many triggers and causes that may lead to the formation of brain cancers. Significant causes include getting old, having a clinical track record of brain tumors, excessive smoking of tobacco-based goods, carrying the Epstein Barr or other similar strands of viruses. 

People who are employed wherein you get exposed to toxic chemicals such as plastic, rubber or harmful metals such as lead, etc., can pose of risks of brain cancers. Lastly, if you are working in a factory or an industrial setting that makes or deals with pesticides or other such hazardous products. 

The Diagnosis Of Brain Cancers

Oncologists resort to several approaches to detect the possible onset of brain cancers. Approaches include use of scanning techniques – with the help of radiology equipment. There are cases wherein diagnosis is possible with tests on brain tissues – these tests are called biopsies. As another measure, your diagnosing team may puncture the lumbar to collect samples. 
 
Several modern developments in radiology and imaging sciences have led to high-precision outputs and images. Such technologies include CT and MRI scans. As an advanced tool, the positron emission tomography scan is also used for better precision at the cell-level. 
 
Your caregiver may also combine PET scan with a CT or MRI scan. These combinations fetch good-quality outputs and a fusion of images. The resultant 3-D outputs help zero-in on cancerous growth in your brain with added clarity, and with relative ease. 

Brain Tumor Symptoms – What Are The Most Common Ones?

Tumors in the cerebral system develop by giving away a few typical signs – the symptoms are likely to become more pronounced as tumors advances in terms of both size and severity. But the symptoms you may experience can be very different from another patient who has brain tumors. In other words, no two patients – with almost the same brain condition – may report of the same signs or symptoms.  

The symptoms you witness are a factor of where the tumor resides, how advanced it is, the extent it has started spreading or not, your age, presence of other autoimmune conditions in your body, etc. 

Also, it is possible to get misled with the signs you may see in your body. This is because of the ‘everyday nature’ of most of these signs. This is why you need a certified caregiving professional to discern the signs and infer them in the right light. People with brain tumor will most likely report of symptoms such as migraines – witnessed more often and each spell being extremely painful to manage, slurred way of talking, abdominal conditions like nausea, tremors and spasms or twitching of muscles, convulsions, etc.  

People may also experience frequent falls – as they find it difficult to maintain their bodily balance. You may find it tough to memorise things; it is very likely to lead to lapses in your memory. 

Some with brain cancers have also undergone dramatic shifts in their behavioral patterns. You may turn violent at the least level of provoking. Your limbs may also experience a tingling feeling; at times arms may turn numb and may not discern sense of touch or pricking.  

If you are experiencing one such sign, speak with a caregiving professional as quickly as you possibly can. You would not know at what stage the brain cancer is in; hence, delaying the very act of seeing a doctor may mean loss of a few precious days. 

You need to remember that the earlier you are diagnosed of brain cancer  – the larger are its chances of being treated successfully. Needless to state – people who delayed diagnosis and treatment may have a lesser room for long term survival. 

Brain Tumor Treatment

There are several remedial approaches available for treating brain tumor. Among the options at the disposal of oncologists, surgical interventions are most commonly resorted to. Excision of brain tumors through a surgery is one of the likely pathways your oncologist may pursue. Surgeons who work on removing tumors off your cerebral system take needful precautions to keep the healthier tissues intact. 

At times, a brain cancer may need more than a surgical procedure. There are many instances wherein a surgery is accompanied by medications-based treatment – such as chemotherapy. Radiotherapy – with the aid of high-intensity x-rays – are also accorded as another option. It is for your caregiving team to decide upon what pathways best suit your brain cancer. 

There are some surgeries performed is most brain surgery cases. It is known as craniotomy. This involves opening up your cranium. Your surgical oncologist may also use a laser-driven ablation or cut. This is done by the placement of a heat source i.e., laser, to burn away the cancerous tissues in your brain.  

Another treatment pathway is done with endoscopy; especially via the endonasal route. This is an invasive procedure but uses minimal means of incision or interventions. Some caregivers may opt for MRI-mapped surgical procedures. 

So How To Prevent Brain Cancer?

Foremost of all, stay aware of the risks; especially of increased levels of risks as you grow old. It is equally important to know of your family’s clinical history – mainly of your parents and other blood relatives’. You also need to stay away x-rays or other forms of radiations; also, have an awareness of rays / radiations that do not harm.  
 
Alter your daily diet plan to a well-balanced and nutrition-rich foods. Ensure to take a fair share of vegetables and fruits as part of your daily diet. Foods that can help reduce cholesterol in your blood can do a lot of good. You may talk to your caregiver to know more on how to prevent brain tumors. 

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