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How Brain Tumor Occurs?

How Brain Tumor Occurs?

Introduction

How Brain Tumor Occurs? at any organ or site. Timely detection enables successful outcomes; however, conditions diagnosed at an advanced stage may pose limitations in treatment options. Long-term survival rates are on the rise – thanks to advanced pathways available for treatment of cancers. But the signs of cancers at the early stage can be misleading. Most signs may resemble a common ailment. 

If a close relative of yours had cancer or if you had had prior spells of tumors, it is a safe thing to consult with your caregiving team on a proactive basis. Typical diagnostic tests done to detect cancers include a blood count test. At times, a scan or a biopsy is taken to confirm the condition. Of such tests, biopsy is done on samples of tissues. Examining tissues under a powerful microscope can provide added clarity on risks of cancerous conditions. 

Brain Tumor

Tumors may occur at any place in your system. Of the many types of cancers, brain tumor is an autoimmune condition which involves multiplication of cells at an exponential rate in your brain. There are many sub-types of brain tumors; depending on which type has afflicted you, rate of growth is either slow or quick. Very rapid multiplication of cancer cells in brain can result in cysts forming in your brain.  

Reasons why one gets brain tumors are many. Key reasons are turning elderly – especially, those above 60 years of age, medical history of cancers in cerebral system among family members or blood relatives, use of tobacco foods – chiefly, smoking, etc. Moreover, odds of brain tumor are high among people infected by Epstein Barr virus or viral strands of a similar genre. 

If you are working in an area where there is a pronounced exposure to metals like lead, or items like rubber or plastic – room for getting brain tumor is more. Beware of being employed in herbicidal factories; these places carry environmental risks of brain tumor in them. 

Secondary Brain Tumor

At this juncture you need to know there are two broad types of brain tumors – namely, the primary and secondary forms. Factors listed above contribute to onset of primary form of brain cancers. The there is a secondary form of brain tumor. Such cancers occur in people who are living with other types of tumors in their system. Such secondary brain tumors may show up because of cancers – from other sites – spreading to your brain.  
 
This process is referred as metastasis or in simple terms, cancerous conditions turning rife. Cancers that are likely to spread to your cerebral system may form in kidneys, urinary tract -including the urethra, bladder, etc., breasts-based tumors, etc. There are also instances wherein cancers that formed in lungs as well as melanoma type of skin tumors too have metastasised to reach the cerebrum. Cutting across these two broad categories of primary and secondary brain tumors, there are many sub-classes of cancers.   
 
These are referred by their distinctive names – based in their intensity and the location in which they show up inside your brain. These include glioma, ganglioglioma, meningioma, astrocytoma, schwannomas, medulloblastoma and craniopharyngiomas.  
 
Among such sub-classes, glioma show up in cells of glial genre. These cancers take a lion’s share of nearly 24% of total incidence of brain tumors. Meningioma is a cancerous condition affecting the tissues of your brain; in some cases, it can be seen in your spine as well. Many adults with brain tumors may have meningioma. 
 
You also need to know of craniopharyngiomas – this is diagnosed in brain, closer to your pituitary. As these can pressurise the optic nerve, you tend to have troubles viewing objects – however close they be. Such tumors are marked by their extremely slow rate of growth.  
 
You must also become familiar with medulloblastoma; this multiplies at a quicker rate. Brain tumors in kids are mostly of this genre. If left untreated, these cancers may soon metastasise to your nerves. 
A diametrically opposite condition is ganglioglioma – known for its growth at snail’s pace. This condition also forms in nerve cells associated with your cerebral system. 

How To Diagnose A Brain Tumor?

Caregiving teams use a set of investigative methods to diagnose the incidence of tumors in your cerebral system. Methods used for detecting brain tumors are imaging / radiology-based scanning, tests done on tissue samples – known as biopsy, puncture of your lumbar region, etc. In case of biopsies to diagnose How Brain Tumor Occurs, tissues from your cerebral system are taken for analysis.  

These tests are accompanied by a thorough assessment of your system. In case of imaging and radiology-based scans, procedures are conducted with the aid of modern developments in computer tomography – CT scanning, magnetic resonance imaging – MRI scanning and positron emission tomography – also known as PET. 

Of these procedures, PET-based scanning is often done with a few other investigations such as MRI or CT scanning procedures. Such combinations are usually referred to as a CT – PET method or as an MRI – PET procedure. This innovative combination is known to produce high-resolution images in a fusion. These images work for the creation 3-D reports. Needless to state, these reports shed added light into finer detailing. In most cases, a very high precision diagnosis is possible with the use of these modern technologies. 

On the other hand, brain tumor biopsy is performed on samples of tissues; these are sampled off the brain – it may be done with the help of a surgical intervention. Lumbar puncture is done for drawing a sample of cerebrospinal liquid . This fluidic substance is seen to run all through the spinal cord; it also tuns inside your cerebral system. 

Brain Tumor Surgery

Of the several treatment methodologies available for brain tumors, surgeries are a widely used way to treat these autoimmune conditions. Such incisive interventions work towards surgical excision – read: removal – of tumors. While performing these surgeries, utmost care is taken to ensure unaffected parts / tissues of the cerebral system are not disturbed. 

Along with a brain surgery, tumors of the cerebral system are treated with drug-based procedures like chemotherapy; there are also plans wherein treatment has been accorded with the support of linear accelerator – linac, which forms part of radiotherapy. It is quite a widely known fact that surgeries are offered as a combinatory offering with radiation and chemo drugs.  

Craniotomy – surgical procedure cutting open the cranium – remains a common form of surgery to treat brain tumor. Other modes of surgeries include laser-based ablation, endoscopy through endonasal pathways, MRI-guided surgeries, etc. Of all these endoscopy and laser ablation are known for their minimally invasive nature. In case of laser-based procedures, small hole(s) is done on the head region. Through this hole, a source of laser is placed deep inside. The source of laser turns into a heat generator, and this increased temperature enables the decimation of cancerous tissues found inside the patient’s head. 

Endonasal-route of endoscopy is a procedure that lets caregivers have access to the brain through your nose. This is distantly related to a pathway known as neuro-based route of endoscopy. Such treatments are offered to people living with cancers – mainly for conditions such as obstructive forms of hydrocephalus in the cerebral system. 

So, What Are The Typical Brain Tumor Symptoms?

Brain tumors show some distinctive symptoms as the cancer grows in size. Caveat: the signs experienced by two persons with cerebral cancers are never the same. In other words, each person develops / witnesses a unique set of signs, depending on their body and the type of cancer he / she is living with. 

A basic thing to know is – many of the symptoms associated with brain cancers are quite commonly witnessed discomforts. This is a key reason for consulting with a qualified caregiving team; yes, it does take an experienced physician to diagnose a brain tumor.  

Widely experienced symptoms include slurred speech function, headaches – often recurrent spells and with growing intensity of pain, being nauseated, involuntary muscular twitches, seizures or fits, losing your balance often, accidental falls, unstable movement of eyes, difficulties to concentrate on things, etc. 

In a few instances, people with brain tumors may witness abnormal and sudden shifts in their personality, numbing or arms and legs, a tingling sensation in your toes and fingers. Upon witnessing one or more of these symptoms, consult with a doctor without any further delay. Those who took timely treatment are known to survive longer than those who took it in a delayed manner. In order to know more about brain tumor, what causes it, how to diagnose brain tumors, and what is brain tumor surgery – you are advised to consult with a caregiving professional.

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How I Knew I Had A Brain Tumor?

How I Knew I Had A Brain Tumor?

Introduction

Symptoms Of Brain Tumor show-up when a few cells in your body start growing at an exponential rate of growth. Such erratic growth defies the natural lifecycle of cells. Abnormal growth of cancerous cells can occur at any stage of your life. It can also happen at any site in your body. When cancers are detected at an earlier stage, the odds of successful treatment are fairly high. A delayed diagnosis reduces the toom available for treatment as well as survival. 

Cancers are categorised as stages; stage 1 – is the initial phase of the disease. The signs are not very pronounced, and hence it may take a qualified physician to detect the inset of cancer. But as the disease worsens, the signs turn more palpable; however, at each advanced stage – the treatment plan gets more complex and may take a multi-modal approach. Multi-modal approach refers to use of different treatment modalities viz., radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgical oncology, immunotherapies, etc. 

Brain Cancer

As the name suggests, brain cancer is a condition wherein there is a rapid growth of cancerous cells in your cerebral system. Growth may either be at a faster rate or slower pace; this rate depends on the kind of cancer in the brain. Excessive growth of cerebral cells may lead to formation of lumps or cysts inside your head.  

There are many factors that trigger cancers in your brain. These include a clinical track-record of cancers in brain among close relatives viz., parents, getting old, smoking tobacco-based products for a very long span of time, living with Epstein Barr viral infections, excessively exposed to chemicals such as rubber, plastic or lead, working in places where herbicides or pesticides are manufactured. 

The above fare as primary reasons that may cause cancers in your brain. There are also secondary brain cancers. These show up when you are already having cancer(s) in another part. Cancerous conditions that may spread over or metastasise  onto your cerebral system are – cancers in the urinary bladder, renal cancers, breast cancers, lung-based cancerous conditions, etc. In some cases, skin-related cancers – like melanoma – can also metastasise / spread to brain. 

There are different categories for brain cancers; these are meningioma, astrocytoma, glioma, ganglioglioma, schwannomas, craniopharyngiomas, medulloblastoma, etc. Of these, meningioma may show up on tissues adjoining the brain as well as the spinal column. This is a widely encountered cancerous condition in case of grown-ups. Though it is slow in growing, it is often a benign condition.  

On the other hand, glioma are cancers that occur in your glial cells. This condition accounts for more than 25% of total incidence of cerebral cancers. Astrocytoma is a sub-set of gliomas; however, this form grows at a much faster pace than most other cancers. 

This is in stark contrast to cancers of the brain like craniopharyngiomas – which grows at a very leisurely rate. Craniopharyngiomas are mostly spotted between the brain and your pituitary gland. These cancers apply pressure on visual nerves. As a result, you may have difficulties in seeing objects clearly. Another cancerous condition that grows at a slower rate is a condition called ganglioglioma; this often shapes up on nerve cells of the brain. Such cancers can be treated with surgical interventions. 

Medulloblastoma grows at a faster pace than most cancers of the above categories; these are quite commonly observed among children. These conditions are known to form on younger people’s nerves, and also on the cells of their central nervous system i.e., CNS. 

Among brain cancers of benign nature, schwannomas fares in this list; this condition grows over a period of time; it is considered as one of the slowest growing cancerous conditions. Your nerves and nerves cells of the cranium are affected by such cancers. 

There are a few standard diagnostic procedures to detect the onset of brain cancers. These are radiology and imaging scans, biopsy of tissue samples taken from your cerebral system, puncturing the lumbar, and not to forget a detailed examination / assessment of your nervous system. Radiology and imaging procedures are done with the help of technologies like magnetic resonance imaging, computer tomography, positron emission tomography scan, etc.  

A special mention is needed on how the positron emission tomography scan works; this is also called PET, in short. PET captures data on changes in metabolism within cells of an organ or even a tissue. This is critical as cancers are known to start at the cell-level. Also, such cellular-level clarity is not captured with the help of other technologies like, say – computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans.  

There are instances wherein PET scans are ordered along with other tests like computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. These are labelled as PET / MRI, PET / CT scans, etc. The resultant output is a fusion of imageries. This fusion helps in creating a 3-D output; such outputs are known to divulge more details and thus make way for diagnosis done at high precision levels. 

Biopsies done on tissues of your cerebral system may involve a surgery. Though such an incisive intervention, a tiny part of the cancerous tissues is extracted. The extracted sample is then checked for malignancy. Puncturing your lumbar involves collection of samples of your cerebrospinal fluid – this fluid runs through your spinal column as well as brain. The collected fluid sample is then put under a panel of tests to diagnose the onset of cancers in your brain. 

Symptoms Of Brain Tumor

Like most forms of cancers, brain tumors do occur with a few characteristic signs. However, no two individuals having brain tumor may experience the same signs or symptoms. This is chiefly because signs of brain tumors depend upon size of tumors as well as their position within your cerebral system.  

Most signs of brain tumors are quite commonly experienced; hence it takes a discerning capability of a qualified caregiver to zero-in on / diagnose your medical condition. One key aspect of most signs is their persistence for a fairly longer duration of time. So, if you are continuing to see any of the below-mentioned signs, you are advised to consult with a caregiver without much delay: 

The most commonly witnessed signs of brain tumors are inability to maintain bodily balance and poise, eyesight-related problems, inability to stay focused, slurring of speech, acute episodes of migraine, nausea, twitching of muscles, inexplicable spells of passing out, convulsions, erratic movements of eye(s), loss of coordination, etc. 

In some cases, a few people have also encountered weird changes in their personalities, tingling or numbing of limbs, etc. The earlier to sense these abnormalities and meet a caregiver, the better are the chances of successful treatment and being remedied. You also need to remember that prognosis of brain tumors significantly improves when it is detected at an early stage.  

Brain Tumor Surgery

Surgical interventions are a common form of treatment for brain tumors. These procedures aim at removal of cancers with no damages inflicted upon healthier / normal tissues of your brain. Often times, chemotherapy as well as radiation therapy are used in conjunction with surgeries.  

Most common forms of surgeries are craniotomy, laser ablation – with guidance from magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopy of the endonasal genre, etc. Craniotomy involves removing of a portion of the skull to gain access to a tumor. In case laser ablation, a tiny hole is made on the skull, and a laser source is inserted within. Heat generated from the laser source is then used to kill tumor cells inside your brain. 

Endoscopy of the endonasal kind involves gaining access to cerebral system via your nasal pathways. There is another procedure called neuro-endoscopy; here, a tiny portion of skull is removed and an endoscopy is done. This procedure is administered to those with skull base cancers, hydrocephalus of the obstructive kind, etc. 

Prior to a brain tumor surgery, you may be advised to go for a biopsy test. Once an assessment is done on the tissue sample, a surgical treatment plan is developed to suit your brain condition. You may be advised to take a few steroidal meds during the run-up to your surgery; such meds help decrease inflammation inside the brain. 

Brain tumor surgeries may also present a few risks and discomforts; most commonly observed ones are deep vein thrombosis (DVT), bleeding profusely, retention of bodily fluids, risks of infections, etc. A few other risks may occur if tissues of your brain are impaired; these include memory issues, epileptic seizures, leakage of brain fluids, damage of facial nerves, etc. In order to know more on brain tumor surgeries, consult with your surgical oncologist. 

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Tumor Marker Test

Tumor Marker Test

Introduction

Biomarkers serve as indicators to measure the presence and / or severity of medical conditions. Tumor Marker Test explores the biochemical, cellular or molecular-level changes in your tissues and cells. The changes I detects indicate pathogenic or biological responses to therapeutic pathways or medications. These biomarkers can be either biological / physical or chemical in nature. The outcomes can take either a functional or a physiological form.

A marker is essentially an item introduced into your body to investigate how an organ works. For instance, an item called Rubidium chloride is administered for isotopic marking or labelling. This is also used for an evaluation of your cardiac system. This item also helps to detect availability of antibodies – if any, which is an indicator of infectious conditions. 

Caregivers use biomarkers for multiple purposes i.e., to measure if an ailment is progressing, to evaluate efficacy of treatment plans, to understand your system’s susceptibility to autoimmune conditions such as cancers. Biomarkers are also used to identify long-term health risks associated with recurrence of cancers. There are drug-related as well as disease-centric biomarkers. 

Drug-related markers provide inputs on efficiency of drugs on patients, and the way in which drugs will be processed inside patient’s body. On the other hand, disease-centric markers are also known as predictive markers; these markers help to identify the presence of a disease, the manner in which a disease develops, irrespective of treatment plans pursued. The former are called as diagnostic markers: latter is termed as prognostic markers. 

Tumor Marker Test

Tumor markers are one of the biomarkers that help identify existence of cancers, and how cancers behave i.e., how it might grow, and how it might respond to treatment plans. These markers help develop prognosis, monitor patient’s health post-removal of cancers, and to predict how drugs would alter your cancerous condition. Tumor markers can be made of carbohydrates, proteins, genes and / or receptors. Protein-based markers include enzymes as well as hormones. 

Enzyme-based markers are used to measure quantum of enzymes secreted in your system. Carbohydrates-based markers are made of antigens produced by cancer cells. On the other hand, receptor-based tumor markers help in prognosis, and to map-out how patients are likely to respond to medications. Tumor markers find their use in inferring at what stage the cancer’s growth is in, in assessing the level of malignancy of tumors, and in identifying possible relapse(s) of cancers. 

In case of determining malignancy, tumor markers are monitored to know the kind of bodily-responses to treatment plans. When findings remain at the same level, it shows the treatment has not been working very well. Such instances may lead to developing alternative approaches to treat cancers.

Increase in tumor marker levels may not necessarily indicate growth in malignancy levels; it can also be due to a few unrelated medical conditions. Markers of cancers are determined either at your serum or at other bodily liquids such as urine. Other pathways of tumor marking include assessing / tracking enzyme-based activities. This process of determination is done with the help of immunoassay (IA). This is a biochemical procedure that helps measure molecular presence, with the aid of antibodies or antigens.

Blood Tests

A blood test is ordered to assess presence of tumor markers in blood. Apart from blood, your doctor may also order tests to be done on samples of tissues or urine. Widely used tumor markers are CA-125, CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), PSA (prostate specific antigen), AFP (alpha feto-protein), CA19-9. 

Of these, CA 125 is chiefly linked to tumors developing in women’s ovaries. A spike in this tumor marker is associated with onset of ovarian tumours. At times, it can be also indicative of inflammatory conditions on your pelvic floor and / or ailments such as endometriosis. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is one of the tumor markers whose spiked-up levels are suggestive of cancers in breasts, lungs, or colorectal tract. 

Caveat: High level of CEA may also occur due to internal inflammation, and also among those smoke tobacco-based products. 

As the name indicates, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a tumor marker considered for detecting cancers in your prostate gland. A high level of PSA shows a possible onset of prostatic tumors. However, spiked PSA is possible when you are living with conditions such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). 

Another widely used cancer marker is alpha feto-protein (AFP); this marker is closely linked with cancers forming in liver. Increased presence of alpha feto-protein suggests risks of cancers in liver. But it may also be due to hepatic conditions like cirrhosis of liver and hepatitis A or B.

Tumor marker named CA19-9 is widely depended-upon for detecting cancers in pancreas. An elevated presence of CA19-9 shows onset of pancreatic tumors. However, caregivers are aware of increase of CA19-9’s presence when you are suffering from cholangitis or pancreatitis. 

In this light, you need to know that all cancers may not make markers spike-up. A few non-tumorous conditions may also lead to an elevated presence of markers. In order to infer the whole picture, tumor markers’ increased levels are to be seen in conjunction with lab tests or other diagnostic reports.

It is important to remember when marker levels go off a normal bandwidth. It can either indicate onset of tumors or the worsening of an autoimmune condition. For a greater understanding, physicians may order tests such as biopsies (done on samples of tissues) or scanning (radiological or imaging tests done with ultrasound or a computer tomography – CT scan). 

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) blood test

Carcinoembryonic antigen is one of the proteins present naturally in your body. Infants in mothers’ wombs are known to have this protein at high levels. But soon after birth, new-born babies have this protein at low levels. In case of normal adults, carcinoembryonic antigen fares at an even-lesser level. However, when you get cancers, level of this antigen rises substantially. 

Tests are available to detect possible increase of this protein level. Such tests can predict how a tumor is multiplying, and also if it is spreading to several other sites. This blood test also reveals remedial outcomes of drugs and progress of treatment plans. Carcinoembryonic antigen blood test is done when your doctor suspects onset of tumors in thyroid gland, abdominal tract, pancreas, ovaries, lungs, colorectal system, breast and / or urinary bladder.

Caregivers never order this test as a part of their investigations. This is because test results seldom give a precise assessment of your condition. There are many other conditions that may trigger a rise in this antigen. For instance, some individuals with tumors may not have high level of carcinoembryonic antigen. Before going for CEA blood test, you might need to tell your caregivers if you are pregnant, if you have smoking habits and are using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

You also need to disclose of medications plans you currently pursue. You need to share information on intake of protein-supplements, vitamins, herbal drugs and / or dietary aids – taken either with a prescription or taken through the over-the-counter (OTC) route. 

Typical range of CEA is 2.5 nanogram per milliliter. Beware of differences in test results between one lab to another. A higher level of CEA – identified over a period of time – is indicative of an active growth of cancer cells. 

Your caregiving team may advise you of several other ailments that can spike-up CEA level; such conditions include chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), formation of cysts – especially in breasts, bowel disorders such as IBD – inflammatory bowel disease that may trigger pain, inexplicable loss of weight, discharge of loose stool, etc., hepatic disorders like bronchitis, etc., ulcers and inflammation of pancreas.

In a few remote cases, caregiving teams may use other bodily fluids – apart from blood. Such fluids include peritoneal fluid from abdomen, cerebrospinal fluid or pleural fluid sourced nearby your lungs. In order to have such tests done, you may be advised to go to the hospital or an advanced laboratory set up.

Diagnostic reports also shed light on how cancer therapies like radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgical interventions, immune therapy etc. have improved your condition. Your doctors may order these tests on the periodic basis; it is thus possible for them to tell of recurrence of cancers.

Cost of CEA blood test varies from one state to other in the US. You can talk to your treating doctor to know more of how much each test costs, and of where to take them from at competitive prices. You can also use services of shopping-engines to look-up to tests offered at deeper-discounts in US.

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What is the success rate of radiation therapies?

What is the success rate of radiation therapy?

What is radiotherapy?

Cancer is treated through various pathways. Radiation therapies are proven treatment methodology. At times, it is called radiotherapy. Here, rays of high intensity and focus are transmitted onto the organ or tissue that has developed cancerous growth. Your caregiving team focuses high-energy rays to burn the affected tissues.  
High-intensity rays cause cancerous tissues to shrink, and in the process – stall unchecked growth of affected / carcinogenic cellular forms. It is the DNA of cancer-causing cellular structures that are impaired – leaving no scope for another lease of life in them. This is how cancers are stopped and are cured using radiation therapy. 
 

Radiation therapy

On the whole, radiation therapy is classified into 2 distinctive categories viz., external beam and internal radiotherapy. The genre of radiation chosen for you depends on your team of radiation oncologists. The decision is based on site at which cancer has developed, how big is its size, has it already started spreading, where is it identified in your system, etc.  
 
The above decision also takes into account factors such as closeness of affected tissues to normal or healthy cells, how sensitive is your body to rays of high energy or intensity, etc. Your team of oncologists will also assess your clinical history, presence of other forms of ailments – especially of the autoimmune sub-genre. Added to these, parameters such as your age, gender and if you are already pursuing are also considered.  

Radiotherapy machine

Of these 2 kinds of radiation therapies, external–beam therapy uses a machine. This machine is of a large build; it also makes high decibel sounds while it is operated. The good thing is this equipment works without touching your body. But you will see it moving around you and emits high–intensity radiations from several dimensions.  
 
Radiation therapies deliver high-intensity x – rays. Such rays are from linear accelerator – also known as linac. Doctors administer such powerful rays through a customised dosage plan. Such plans aid in mapping tissues requiring cancer treatment. 
 
In case of radiation therapy done with internalised approach involves placing one or more sources of radiations in humans. Sources of powerful rays are solid or liquid in nature. Brachytherapy is the name of treatment offered with a solid source to generate rays. Your radiation therapists / oncologists will put a ribbon or capsule which houses a source of rays. Placement site nears the site of tumor(s).  
 
Both forms of radiation therapies are localised – as they gain access to the site affected by cancer. In other words, there is relatively lesser risk of rays damaging healthy or normal tissues. Of the two types of radiotherapy, internal approach has the source providing powerful rays for a predetermined duration.  
 
However, radiation therapy offered through liquid-based radiation sources are labelled as systemic therapy. In such cases, rays successfully breach tissues and blood, to reach all through your body. Upon placement, rays continue to identify ad well as destroy cancer-causing cellular forms. 
An advancement in radiation-based treatment is the volumetric–modulated–arc therapy – in short, VMA therapy. Here, the machine called linear accelerator (linac) rotates at multiple axes – gaining access to many parts of the patient’s body. This machine enables radiations to enter into the body through many angles. 
 
One of the very modern developments is machines – i.e., linear accelerators – are attached with an accessory called as collimator. This accessory saves your body like a protective cover; multi-leaf collimators are known to have 100+ sheaths for added protection. Each of these sheaths aid blocking a part of the radiations from hitting where they are not needed.  
 
This is a reason why areas exposed to linear accelerators are marked with high level of precision; this helps avoid needless spillage of x-rays to unaffected sites or organs of your system. You need to note that prior formats of linear accelerators did not come with a collimator. During those times, shields are made with hand-made settings; these are employed to reduce risks associated with needless exposure on powerful rays. 
 
Lastly, radiotherapy for treating cancers that use external–beam technology forms part of highly focused pathway. Owing to this, this approach is taken for cancers identified in an individual organ or tissue. Example: people identified with lung tumors are exposed to radiotherapy onto the chest. By this way, rays are not let to damage any other site or parts of the body.  
 

Radiotherapy for cancer

Doctors who render treatment using linear accelerators ensure to save healthy and unaffected cels and tissues. The purpose of radiation therapy is to destroy only those cells which cause cancers. These rays are known to cure cancers. It is quite a common thing to combine radiations with chemo drugs as well as surgical procedures. The latter are used for the excision of tumors through the surgical route.  
 
Your treating team of doctors i.e., radiation oncologists will finalise the strength of radiations i.e., of the x-ray genre. Your treatment team decides the intensity depending on stage at which tumors are diagnosed, size and a few other factors. Prior to starting radiation therapy, the team of oncologists will also refer to reports of scans – such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging scan as well as computer tomography scans; the team will also order for a few lab tests. All these are clubbed along with a thorough examination of the patient’s body – on the whole.  
 

What is the success rate of radiation therapy?

Rates of success are on the high in the recent years – thanks to availability of high-precision technologies to position tumors. Coupled with these advancements, detection of cancers at a fairly early stage is another key reason for higher success rates.  
 
The level of awareness about cancers has also increased in recent time. In case of head and neck tumors, success rates have already crossed 78%; this is a big leap, when compared to very-low rates of success a few years ago. Rates prevailed at as low as 33% nearly 18 years ago. 

Radiation side effects

This form of treatment triggers a few harmful side effects. In case of radiations targeting your head and neck region, side effects include loss of hair from your scalp, severe spells of migraines, blurring of your eyesight and memory lapses.  
 
Women who undergo radiation therapies to find cure for breast cancers develop a few unique outcomes; these include swelling your chest, being tired and wanting to sleep. Tumors shaping up in the pelvic floor – upon being exposed to rays can cause sexual dysfunction; In case of males, they can witness difficulties to get and / or sustain a penile rection while having sex with a partner. In clinical terms – this condition is labelled as erectile dysfunction.  
 
Men may also experience a decrease in sexual urges; this is also called a loss of libido. Women who take radiation therapies to treat tumors formation in their pelvic floor may develop pregnancy related issues. In some cases, women have reported fertility-related conditions. 
 
Sittings of radiation therapy may need in excess of 55 minutes to get over. Oncologists may offer you with a session once per day; taking two or sittings within a day can cause irreparable damages to your body. Of the time taken at the machine i.e., linear accelerator, lion’s share is used up for getting the positioning correct. If your body / site is not in alignment with the field of linear accelerator, you tend to burn up healthy cells / tissues. 
 
The good news is: the very first sitting alone takes more time. Once the position is mapped and is aligned, subsequent sessions of radiation therapy may need only 30 minutes. Out of all these, the table time – or, the time wherein you will be under the actual field of high-power radiations is as low as 5 minutes only. 
 
Side effects of radiation causes can change from one person to another i.e., no two individuals who take these therapies may report the same outcomes. The kind of remedies as well as side effects depends upon stage of tumor, age of patients, onset of other autoimmune conditions, presence of a family history of cancers, etc. 
 
Duration for which radiation therapies are offered also varies depending on if tumors have started spreading and if there are other sites where cancers have been diagnosed. You are advised to talk to your radiation oncologist to know more on radiation therapies, radiotherapy machine i.e., linear accelerator as well as of the side effects these powerful rays may trigger. 
 

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What Is The Difference Between Tumor And Cancer?

What Is The Difference Between Tumor And Cancer?

Introduction

A possible confusion among a large number of people is the apprehension that every tumor is cancerous. This is a wrong perception, and the best explanation to clear this is – all cancers form tumors, but all tumors are not cancerous. Let us look at additional details to understand the difference between tumor and cancer.

What Is Cancer?

To understand the difference between tumor and cancer, let us begin with a clear definition of cancer.  This is a disease with a main characteristic of uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. This results in the formation of lumps that enter into surrounding tissues. There is a primary difference between cancerous cells and normal cells.  The normal cells grow, divide, and die in a manner that is controlled or regulated, while cancer cells grow and multiply in an unregulated manner.

Main characteristics of cancer include the following:

  • Uncontrolled growth.
  • Invasion and metastasis.
  • Different types and causes of cancer. 
  • Common and uncommon symptoms of cancer.
  • Treatment options.

What Are Tumors?

As part of the understanding of the difference between tumor and cancer it is time to learn about tumors. These are essentially abnormal growths of cells that form lumps in the body. These are different from normal cell growth, as they start multiplying in an uncontrolled manner.  

Tumors are of different types:

  • Benign – These tumors are non-cancerous and grow slowly. They are not known to spread to other parts of the body. While most tumors are not a cause for concern, some benign tumors may trigger issues as a result of pressing against organs or nerves.
  • Malignant – These tumors are cancerous and also grow quickly. They enter nearby tissues and organs, spreading to other areas of the body and this spreading to other areas is known as metastasis.
  • Causes – The growth of tumors is due to various reasons, such as genetic mutations, exposure to harmful substances, radiation, or viruses.  
  • Symptoms – The symptoms of tumors vary and depend on the location. For instance, this could be in the form of visible lumps, pain, swelling, or pressure on nearby organs. In some instances, tumors may not exhibit any discernible symptoms, and can only be detected through examination including imaging studies.
  • Treatment – Depends on the type and benign tumors are either monitored or surgically removed. Malignant tumors demand complex treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted therapies.

What Is The Main Difference Tumor Cancer?

In continuation of gaining knowledge on the difference between tumor and cancer here is a quick look at tumor cancer. This refers to malignant tumors, that can spread to other parts of the body either through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Symptoms of tumor cancer

Symptoms depend on the type, location, and stage of the cancer, with some of the common symptoms including the following: 

  • Lumps or swelling – This could be a visible lump beneath the skin that does not resolve.
  • Sudden weight loss – Any major, unexplained weight loss is to be considered as a possible warning sign of one of many types of cancer.
  • Tiredness – Extreme tiredness that does not resolve with rest could also be a symptom.
  • Pain – When the tumors press on nerves or organs, pain that is persistent in nature could be experienced.
  • Changes in skin – Changes such as darkening of the skin, reddish appearance, or unusual growths may be an indication.
  • Bowel movements – There could be changes in bowel movements, or bladder, including diarrhea, constipation, or blood in the stool or urine. 
  • Persistent Cough or Hoarseness: A cough that doesn’t go away or changes in your voice could be a sign of lung or throat cancer. 
  • Other symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, difficulty swallowing and prolonged fever or night sweats.

Is It Possible To Clearly Identify Or Distinguish Benign Tumors?

To learn more about the difference between tumor and cancer, here is information about clearly identifying or distinguishing benign tumors. It is often possible to identify benign tumors, through a thorough medical evaluation, as listed below:

  1. Medical imaging – X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasounds. 
  2. Physical examination – Sensed as firm or soft during examination. 
  3. Biopsy – A small sample of the tumor is analysed in the laboratory analysis.  
  4. Growth pattern – Typically grow slowly and are localized.  
  5. Symptoms – Do not usually cause any symptoms, especially when small and in non-critical areas.

Common types of benign tumors include lipomas, fibromas, adenomas, and myomas.

Is It Possible To Clearly Identify Malignant Tumors?

To learn more about the difference between tumor and cancer let us look at how to clearly identify malignant tumors. Various options exist to identify malignant tumors accurately, and involves a combination of medical imaging, laboratory tests, and clinical evaluations, as listed below:

  1. Medical imaging – CT scans for detailed cross-sectional images of the body that help identify abnormalities. MRI for highly detailed images of soft tissues to detect spread of tumor. PET Scans to map metabolic activity. X-rays and ultrasounds for initial insights. 
  2. Biopsy – Regarded as the most reliable; where a small sample of the tumor is examined by a pathologist. Different types of biopsies include, needle biopsy, surgical biopsy, endoscopic biopsy. 
  3. Blood tests – Look for tumor markers like PSA for prostate cancer or CA-125 for ovarian cancer. Complete Blood Count detects abnormalities that indicate blood cancers like leukemia or lymphoma.
  4. Genetic and molecular testing – Involves testing the genetic material of the tumor to look for specific mutations linked to cancer.

Apart From Meeting A Cancer Specialist What Else Is To Be Done For Checking?

To conclude about the difference between tumor and cancer it is important to seek the services of a cancer specialist for diagnosis, treatment and follow up. Self-diagnosis or assumptions are the biggest obstacles to the right treatment. The services of specialists in Tamilnadu for cancer treatment include advanced genetic testing facilities that help to look for genetic mutations of different diseases. This involves providing samples to analyse for inherited conditions and genetic mutations that can indicate critical diseases.

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Symptoms of cancer and is burping a sign of cancer?

Symptoms Of Cancer And Is Burping A Sign Of Cancer?

Introduction

Various issues such as indigestion, acid reflux trigger burping, and by itself burping is usually not a sign of cancer. However, when the burping is either persistent or excessive, and if accompanied along with other symptoms, it could indicate cancer. For instance, symptoms such as weight loss, difficulty swallowing, pain that does not resolve, or changes in appetite. Here is a look at symptoms of cancer and answers to the question – is burping a sign of cancer?

What Is The Relation Between Belching And Cancer?

Let us look at additional info to answer the question – is burping a sign of cancer? Also known as belching, burping is a bodily function that occurs due to release of excess gas from the digestive tract. This is typically related to conditions that are not cancerous in nature. However, in specific cases, persistent belching can be linked to serious conditions, and that includes cancer.

Outline of belching when related to cancer

Stomach cancer – In certain cases, unresolved belching can be an indication of stomach cancer. This will usually be accompanied by symptoms such as pain in the abdomen, feelings of nausea, sudden dip in appetite, weight loss, and a full feeling.

Esophageal cancer – Excessive belching is also known to occur in esophageal cancer, when accompanied by other symptoms. For instance, difficulty swallowing, pain in the chest, or chronic acid reflux.

Here is additional info to answer the question – is burping a sign of cancer? Belching or excessive belching, is linked to various benign issues, and is only linked to cancer when there are other symptoms. Belching or excessive belching is not a sole indicator of cancer. Issues that can cause excessive belching include the following:

  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease – Also known as GERD, this is a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. This causes belching and symptoms such as heartburn.
  • Indigestion – Aso known as dyspepsia, this causes burping, bloating, and discomfort.
  • Swallowing air – Also known as aerophagia, this is due to eating or drinking too quickly, or talking while eating.

Excessive belching is connected to cancer only when there are other tell-tale symptoms such as sudden weight loss, abdominal pain, vomiting, full feeling, traces of blood in vomit or stool, difficulty swallowing, pain in chest pain, cough, hoarse voice.

What Are The Common Symptoms Of Cancer?

To answer the question – is burping a sign of cancer? it is important to know more about the symptoms of cancer. These symptoms are known to vary widely, and depend on the nature and the location of cancer.  Common symptoms include the following:

  1. Sudden weight loss – The loss of more than 5 kilograms of weight, without making any effort to lose weight could be an early sign of cancer. This is mostly experienced when there is cancer of the pancreas, stomach, esophagus, or lungs.
  2. State of tiredness – Tiredness that does not resolve or improve with rest and when it is unrelated to physical activity could be a sign of cancer. This is mostly seen in cancers like leukemia or colon cancer.
  3. Pain – When pain is persistent, and unexplained by other reasons is also a possible sign of cancer. For instance, headaches that do not resolve, or back pain could be a sign of bone or testicular cancer.
  4. Fever – When this is persistent, or intermittent, without known reasons, could be an indication of leukemia or lymphoma.
  5. Changes to the skin – Darkening of skin, yellow or reddish appearance of skin, abnormal hair growth or itching, new moles or skin spots are also indications of specific types of cancer. 
  6. Bowel/bladder changes – When the person experiences chronic constipation, diarrhea, blood in the stool, or changes in stool consistency, this may point to colon cancer. Similarly, when there are changes in bladder function, like blood in urine or difficulty urinating, it could mean bladder or prostate cancer.
  7. Bleeding – When there is blood in the sputum, it could mean lung cancer. Similarly, blood in the stool or urine could point to colon, rectal, or bladder cancer. When there is abnormal vaginal bleeding, it could mean cervical or endometrial cancer.
  8. Formation of lumps – Any noticeable lump beneath the skin, especially in the breast, testicle, or lymph nodes, could point to cancer.
  9. Swallowing – When there is difficulty swallowing, along with persistent hoarseness, it could mean throat or esophageal cancer.
  10. Sores – When sores do not heal or recur frequently, especially in the mouth, skin, it could be an early indicator of cancer.
  11. Bruising – When there is abnormal bruising in unusual places, this could point to blood cancers like leukemia.

If A Person Is Diagnosed With Cancer, Is Excessive Chronic Burping A Cause For Worry?

To wrap, let us answer the question – is burping a sign of cancer – from the point of view of taking notice of these symptoms. When a person has been diagnosed with cancer, it important to take notice of excessive chronic burping. This is more so, when the burping is a new symptom or increases in frequency.

There could be various reasons for such burping. For instance, when there is gastrointestinal involvement, when the cancer has spread to the stomach, esophagus, or intestines.  Treatments for cancer, like chemotherapy, radiation, or medications can also cause side effects that may increase burping. The pressure from a tumor that is pressing on the digestive system could also cause excessive belching or bloating. Advanced cancer is known to end up with metabolic, digestive changes that result in belching.

Specific circumstances can be considered as a cause for worry. Including symptoms that accompany the belching. When new or worsening symptoms are experienced, it is time to take action. For example, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, pain, or difficulty swallowing. Similarly, if the burping develops suddenly appears to worsen rapidly, without any other known cause, it is time to take action.

To sum up, excessive burping is by itself not a cause for concern. However, when viewed in the backdrop of a positive cancer diagnosis, patients and caregivers are to report and manage new or persistent symptoms, including belching.

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How Bad Is Lymphoma Cancer?

How Bad Is Lymphoma Cancer?

Introduction

Cancer that afflicts the lymphatic system carries with it the risk of spreading throughout the lymph nodes, the spleen, tonsils, and bone marrow. Lymph nodes are present in the abdomen, the groin, the pelvis, neck, chest and underarms. This gives rise to the question – how bad is Lymphoma cancer? Following sections offer a detailed look at the condition for an understanding of the extent of risk and treatment options.

What Is Lymphoma Cancer?

Let us take a quick look at the Lymphona cancer before we look at answers to the question – how bad is Lymphoma cancer? This refers to a type of cancer that is known to start in the lymphatic system. This symptom, is a part of the immune system, assisting the body in warding off infections. This system comprises the lymph nodes, that are small glands in the shape of beans. There are present in the spleen, the thymus, and bone marrow.

Lymphoma occurs when a type of white blood cells (known as Lymphocytes), begin to increase abnormally and uncontrollably. These are cancerous cells that have the ability to form tumors and spread throughout the lymphatic system. This will, over time affect other parts of the body.

Lymphoma is divided into two types:

  • Hodgkin Lymphoma – When a specific type of abnormal cell is present. This condition is known to be relatively rare and is known to have a high success rate with treatment.
  • Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – Is more common and has many subtypes varying in severity and the approach to treatment. This condition affects different types of lymphocytes and the growth can be either slow or rapid. 

Symptoms of lymphoma include the following:

  • Swollen lymph nodes – belly, neck, armpits or groin.
  • Abnormal and unexplained pain in chest, abdomen or bones of the body.
  • Fever.
  • Breaking out into night sweats.
  • Sudden and unexplained weight loss.
  • Overall tiredness.
  • Itching sensation.

What Is Hodgkin Lymphoma?

It is now time to learn more about this type of lymphoma, as part of looking for answers to how bad is Lymphoma Cancer? As outlined above, this refers to a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system ad begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow uncontrollably. While the lymph nodes are present throughout the body, most lymph nodes are present in the abdomen, groin, pelvis, chest, underarms and neck. Hodgkin lymphoma is known to affect all these areas, apart from and other organs in the body.

There are significant advances in diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma, and this has helped ensure that patients have the chance to achieve a full recovery. The five year survival rate for the condition in India is above 83%. Stem cell transplants are also part of the treatment when the condition has relapsed or when the first line of treatment does not work.

  • Symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma – This will vary and depends on the stage and location of the cancer. Common indications of the condition include the following:
  • Swollen Lymph nodes – Painless swelling is one of the most common symptoms, and could occur in the lymph nodes, typically in the neck, armpits, or groin.
  • Fever – Could be either persistent or intermittent, and is not attributed to an infection.
  • Night sweats – Sweating in the nights in a manner that is heavy and drenching sweats is another common symptom.
  • Sudden loss of weight – This could be 10% or more of body weight, without any reason or effort.
  • Overall tiredness – That does not seem to resolve with rest is another symptom. 
  • Itching – This could be persistent in nature and would be experienced without any visible rash. 
  • Poor appetite – May be experienced suddenly, without any other condition, and this aggravates weight loss.
  • Pain after consumption of alcohol – Pain may be experienced in the lymph nodes after consuming alcohol.
  • Difficulty breathing – When lymph nodes press either on the chest or lungs, this causes respiratory issues such as difficulty breathing or coughing.

What Is Non Hodgkin Lymphoma?

It is now time to look at the other category of the condition as part of answering the question – how bad is Lymphoma cancer? Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma begins in the lymphatic system, and the lymphocytes, the white blood cells begin to grow abnormally. This causes formation of tumors throughout the body.

This category of lymphoma is regarded as a general category with multiple subtypes. The most common sub-types are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. As a result of advances in diagnosis and treatment the outcomes have increased in this disease.

The typical symptoms of this condition vary, and depend on the area where the condition begins, and the growth.

  1. Swelling int e lymph nodes without any pain. This is in the neck, armpits, or groin.
  2. Recurring fever unrelated to any infections.
  3. Heavy sweat in the nights.
  4. Sudden loss of weight – More than 10% of body weight over a short period, regardless of diet or exercise.
  5. Overall tiredness.
  6. Sudden loss of appetite. 
  7. Pain in the abdomen, discomfort, bloating, or a full feeling.
  8. Pain in the chest or cough.
  9. Infections – Due to weakened immune system, frequent infections.
  10. Outbreak of rashes on the skin or itching.

Which Is The Best Lymphoma Treatment?

Here is a look at the various treatment options to conclude the answers to the question – how bad is Lymphoma Cancer? Treatment depends on the type, subtype, stage of the disease, and the patient. For instance, the age, overall health and existing conditions. Treatment includes one or more of the following approaches:

  • Chemotherapy.
  • Radiation therapy.
  • Immunotherapy.
  • Targeted therapy.
  • Stem cell transplant, also known as bone marrow transplant.
  • Surgery.
  • Monitoring for slow-growing non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

The right way to choose the best treatment is determined by the oncologist. This may typically involve a combination of chemotherapy with radiation therapy, as this is known to be highly effective, with possible cure in early stages. For non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the treatment is based on the subtype and the speed of growth. Options include chemotherapy and targeted therapies, while complex cases are handled with CAR T-cell therapy and stem cell transplants.

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External Radiation Therapy

External Radiation Therapy

Radiation Therapy For Cancer

Radiation therapies are also known as radiotherapy. These are used to treat cancers, by focusing high-dosages of radiations towards cancerous tissues. Such radiations are aimed at shrinking of cancers and or to destroy tumor cells. In most cases, high dosages are prescribed as a part of radiation therapies.  
 
At such high intensity radiations, DNA of diseased cells are damaged forever, in an irreversible manner. Upon being damaged – at the DNA–level – such cells stop growing. Once growth is denied, cells tend to eventually die off. Dead cells are flushed out of your system in due course of time.  
 
Radiation Therapy For Cancer is not known to destroy tumor-causing cells immediately. It often needs many days  – spanning several weeks, for DNA to be damaged, and cause cell-level death. dying process often takes weeks i.e., long after radiotherapy sessions are over.  

Radiation Oncology

Radiation oncology is of two (2) major kinds; 1- external beam radiation and 2- internal radiation. This kind of therapy offered to you varies based on multiple factors – namely, type of tumors, size of cancers, location of cancer(s) in your body, how near is the cancer to healthier / normal tissues that may turn sensitive to high intensity radiations, your overall clinical history and onset of other kinds of tumors in your system – if any, your age and presence of others ailments – if any, etc.  
 
Of these two (2) kinds of radiation therapy, external beam radiation emanates from an equipment which targets cancerous growth. This equipment is often a very large one, and can be quite noisy as well. This machine does not make any form of physical contact with you; instead, it moves all around your body transmitting high intensity rays from multiple directions.  

Radio therapy For Cancer

Radiation therapy for cancer using external beam is a localised treatment protocol, used for treating tumors in specific sites / organs of the human body. For instance, those diagnosed with cancers in their lungs are administered with external beam radiations on their chest region; in other words, rays do not target any other parts / sites apart from the chest area.  
 
On the other hand, internal radiation therapy is a treatment offered through sources of x-rays placed inside the human body. Sources of such radiations can be either be a liquid or a solid source. Therapies offered with solid radiation sources are known as brachytherapy. 
 
Here, a capsule, ribbon or a seed containing a radiation source is placed deep inside i.e., near or inside the cancerous site. Similar to external beam radiation therapy, internal radiation therapies – such as brachytherapy – are a localised treatment protocol. This approach help treat a particular site of the human body.  
 
Sources of radiation in case of internal radiation therapies may provide radiations for some time. Internal radiation therapies – done with liquid sources of radiations – are known as systemic therapies. Here, the rays transcend the blood barrier with ease – throughout the human body, identifying and destroying tumorous cells. 
 
Systemic therapies are offered either by making you to swallow the liquid source of radiation, or by an intravenous route. In some cases, liquid is administered into your body via an injection. In this treatment protocol, bodily fluids such as sweat as well as urine will send off radiations for some time. 

External Beam Radiation Therapy

External beam radiation therapies involve delivering high intensity electron-based rays / x – ray beams. These rays are made by an equipment called linear accelerator – in short, linac. Physicians who administer these x– rays are called radiation oncologists. These specialists work out a bespoke / customised external beam radiation-based treatment plan. These plans help map out sites needing treatments, and aim to kill harmful / rapidly-growing cells.  
 
It is imperative of plans to spare normal / healthier tissues while they aim to kill cancerous cells. Such therapies are deemed curative in nature – their efficacy get a boost with chemotherapy and / or surgical interventions. External beam radiation therapy is also used for obtaining relief from pains triggered by cancerous conditions. 
 
It is the team of radiation oncologists that determines the intensity of x- ray radiations. The team’s decision is taken based on the stage your cancer is in and type of tumour you are affiliated by. Your team also looks into outcomes of scan images, lab reports and also a physical examination of your body.  
 
Image Guided Radiation Therapy – in short, IGRT – helps augment the resolution of images. This approach helps target the destination with added precision. In this process, the extent of damages inflicted upon healthier and unaffected cells is sizably minimised.  
 
Another Technical Advancement is Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy – also known as VMAT. Here, a linear accelerator (linac) is made to rotate around your body. This makes rays to enter into your system from various sides. This is extremely useful to minimise exposure risks on to adjoining tissues and organs i.e., of the non-cancerous kind. 
 
As a Recent Addition – present forms of linear accelerators are equipped with collimators. This equipment serves as a shield, safeguarding nearby organs. Multi-leaf collimator has more than 100 leaves; each leaf helps block some of the radiation field. As a result, the exposed area can be mapped identical to the affected surface of the human body. The earlier versions of linear accelerators were devoid of collimators. In such cases, hand-made block-type settings are used to minimise risks of overexposure on to organs at risk.  

Radiation Therapy Side Effects

Your body may encounter a few side effects upon being exposed to radiation therapies. If radiation therapy is used for treating brain tumors, you may witness loss of scalp hair, severe spells of migraines, blurring of eyesight, inability to concentrate on things, memory lapses, etc. Those getting radiation treatment for cancers in breast may see swelling or inflammation, being tired at almost all times, changes on skin, softening of muscles, etc. 
 
If you have cancers in the chest region i.e., lungs, and if your oncological team is using radiation therapies – the side effects include throat-related problems, difficulties in swallowing foods, intermittent episodes of coughing, inability to breath property – marked by gasping, wheezing and panting. 
 
Use of radiation therapies for cancers in head and neck region may lead to a few adverse effects. These are oral / dental problems, a marked change in the sense of taste, hoarseness of voice accompanied by several other throat-centric conditions, hypothyroidism – due to the gland turning slow and dysfunctional. 
 
Use of radiation for tumors developing in the pelvic zone can cause sexual dysfunction – in males, this can take the shape of erectile dysfunction, loss of libido, etc., among women, fertility-related issues may show up. You may also observe weakening of the urinary bladder and incontinence. In some cases, patients may report experiencing frequent urges to pee or painful spells of urination. In some very remote instances, you may experience inability to discharge urine. 
 
In the stomach and abdominal tract, use of external beam radiation therapies may engender severe episodes of nausea coupled with vomiting, loss of body hair, discharge of loose stools, being fatigued all through the day – and sleeping for long, altered skin tone, etc. 
 
Tumors in rectum – upon being treated with external beam radiation therapies – may lead to fertility problems in women, discharge of softened stools, urinary conditions like painful experiences while peeing, etc. 
 
Every session of radiation therapy will involve marking your posture with lasers, to ensure maximum accuracy. You may also undergo a scanning protocol, prior to each session. Scanning is done either by a computer tomography (CT) scan or an ultrasound. There are also instances wherein x-rays are used. 
 
Each sitting may need 50 – 60 minutes per day. A majority of it is used for alignment, and for scanning to enhance accuracy–levels. Usually, therapies last for scores of sittings; of these, the first sitting is often the longest one. Subsequent sessions may only take 25 to 30 minutes. Actual exposure time within which linear accelerator delivers radiations is only 3 to 7 minutes.  
 
Duration of exposure also varies based on the use of image guided radiation therapy (IGRT), size of site / organ under treatment, intensity of dosages, etc. Based on the type(s) of cancers, oncologists may focus radiations from multiple directions. Depending on stage of cancer, timing of exposure is either lengthened or shortened.  
 
It is likely each session of therapy may almost take similar timespan. Radiation–sittings are usually planned only–once per day. Within a week, you may be advised to take 4 – 5 sittings. Your cancerous condition determines the length of treatment plans; duration hovers anywhere between 3 – 10 weeks’ time. 

Disclaimer

Information provided here are only of supplementary nature. Information shared here does not substitute a qualified doctor’s advice. This website is not suggesting that intake of a drug(s) or a treatment modality is safe or appropriate. You are urged to consult with a qualified clinical professional and get a treatment plan from her / him for the underlying medical condition(s). 

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Can Treatment For Heart Disease Fully Reverse The Condition?

Can Treatment For Heart Disease Fully Reverse The Condition?

Introduction

Timely treatment has a huge effect on outcomes and this is common to all conditions. When your approach to treatment for heart disease is right and timely, you can sow down the progression considerably. The symptoms will greatly reduce, along with risks while improving heart health. Intervention can also restore damage caused by the condition. However, medication will not reverse the condition, especially when it is in advanced stage.

What Is The Ideal Treatment Of Congenital Heart Disease?

With the right treatment for congenital heart disease, it is possible to ensure that the patient leads a near normal life. The actual treatment for heart disease of this category will hinge on various factors, such as the actual defect, severity, and patient’s age. It is important to add that the nature of congenital heart disease varies from mild conditions to complex structural defects. Here is a quick look at treatment methodology.

  1. Monitoring.
  2. Medications like diuretics, beta- and ACE inhibitors.
  3. Catheter-based minimally invasive procedures.  
  4. Open-heart surgery.
  5. Heart transplant.

Patients who wish to check for inherited conditions and congenital heart defects can undergo genetic testing to rule out or conform any condition. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamilnadu now offer patients tests that analyse saliva or blood samples to look for genetic components of heart conditions. This could be inherited conditions or congenital conditions.

Which Is The First Line Of Treatment For Rheumatic Heart Disease?

The focus of first-line treatment for rheumatic heart disease is mainly to treat the strep throat infection, control inflammation and prevent its recurrence. Here is an outline of the treatment for heart disease of this category.

  1. Treatment with antibiotics – To tackle Group A Streptococcus infection and to prevent recurrence of rheumatic fever. This may involve penicillin or alternative antibiotics for people with penicillin allergies. For patients with severe heart damage, this treatment may be required on a long term basis.
  2. Treatment for inflammation – To control inflammation as a result of rheumatic fever. This may involve medications like NSAIDs, aspirin and corticosteroids.
  3. Treatment of heart failure – To reduce overload of fluid overload and reduce the burden on the heart. This may involve the use of diuretics, ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers. 
  4. Restoring damaged valve – To carry out repair or replacement of valve through surgeries like balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement.

Is There Any Heart Disease Medicine For Heart Attack Prevention?

Various types of medications are presently in use to help prevent heart attacks by tackling underlying conditions. Treatment for heart disease involves resolving conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes and blood clotting. Prescribed medications reduce risk factors of heart disease and heart attacks. Main types of medicines in use for prevention include the following:

  1. Antiplatelet drugs – to prevent formation of blood clots that block arteries and cause a heart attack. Examples of medicines include low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel.
  2. Statins – to reduce cholesterol levels, especially low-density lipoprotein that causes plaque buildup in the arteries. Examples of medicines include atorvastatin, rosuvastatin or simvastatin.
  3. Beta-blockers – to reduce the heart’s workload by slowing down heart rate and reducing blood pressure levels. Medicine examples include metoprolol, atenolol, carvedilol.
  4. ACE inhibitors / ARBs – to reduce blood pressure levels and burden on the heart by relaxing blood vessels.
  5. Nitrates – to relax blood vessels and improve flow of blood to the heart, and prevent chest pain. Medicines include nitroglycerin, isosorbide mononitrate / dinitrate.
  6. Blood pressure medications – like calcium channel blockers and diuretics to lower blood pressure levels.
  7. PCSK9 inhibitors – to lower cholesterol levels through medicines like alirocumab or evolocumab.

Is There Any Preventive Medication For Rheumatic Heart Disease?

Rheumatic heart disease can be managed by ensuring that there is no recurrence of rheumatic fever, the primary cause of heart valve damage. Known as secondary prophylaxis, this is an approach to treatment for heart disease of this category, and involves the following:  

  1. Antibiotics – to prevent Group A Streptococcus infection.
  2. Anti-inflammatory drugs – to reduce inflammation and resolve symptoms during ongoing rheumatic fever.
  3. Heart failure medicines – when heart valves have undergone damaged by the condition.
  4. Infective endocarditis prophylaxis – to prevent infection of damaged heart valves.

The main goal of preventive medication for rheumatic heart disease is to prevent recurrent rheumatic fever. It is also aimed at preventing aggravation of damage to the heart valve. The patient may also be put on additional medications in the event of valve disease, to support heart function.

What Are The Top Heart Disease Heart Patient Medicine?

Treatment for heart disease typically involves a combination of medicines, with specific goals. The focus is on preventing complications, managing symptoms, and improving quality of life. Medications are commonly used to control blood pressure, cholesterol, heart rhythm, and prevent formation of blood clots. Herre is a quick look at the top medicines for heart disease:

  1. Antiplatelet agents – to prevent blood clots include low dose aspirin, that works by preventing platelets joining together. Medicines like clopidogrel are prescribed with aspirin post-bypass surgery or stent insertion to prevent clots.
  2. Statins – to lower cholesterol levels include atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, that work by lowering LDL cholesterol and reducing buildup of plaque in arteries.
  3. Beta-blockers – to control heart rate and blood pressure levels include metoprolol, that work by reducing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and reducing the workload of the heart.
  4. ACE Inhibitors / ARBs – to relax blood vessels include ramipril, losartan that work by relaxing blood vessels, improving blood flow, and reducing burden on the heart.
  5. Calcium channel blockers – to improve blood flow include amlodipine, that works by relaxing and widening arteries, reducing blood pressure.
  6. Diuretics – to remove excess fluid include furosemide, that works by removing extra fluid and salt, reducing the workload on the heart.
  7. Anticoagulants – to prevent formation of clots include warfarin, that works by preventing blood clots during atrial fibrillation or deep vein thrombosis.
  8. Nitrates – to relieve angina include nitroglycerin, that works by relaxing blood vessels and increasing blood flow.
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Mammography Test Cost

Mammography Test Cost

Introduction

Women (and some men) living with cancers in breasts are unlikely to witness any major symptoms. However, a Mammography test significant sign to stay aware of is presence of a bumpy substance or a lump in your breast(s). It is possible to identify this symptom at a preliminary level; self-examination of breast(s) is a time-tested route to detect such signs. Let us have a look on how much does have the Mammography test cost in india.

It is also recommended to have a certified medical professional examine your breasts on a periodic basis. In some cases, the signs may differ from one individual to another; it is likely to experience softened ends of nipple(s). In some people, a lump i.e., a swelling of lymph node – can erupt at the armpit. 

Watch out for an altered tone of skin of breasts and the pectoral areas surrounding them. In the first stage, people have also noticed enlargement of skin’s pores i.e., skin of your breasts. Lump-type of structure inside the breast may need a thorough investigation by a qualified doctor. However, you also need to know that not all bumps or lumps are symptoms of cancers.

It is a critical thing to detect cancers at an early stage – more so, when you are noticing any sudden alterations in size or shapes of breast(s). Cancers in breasts can also show signs like shrinking or swelling of the affected organ(s). This may also lend an asymmetric appearance. Caveat: It is not a rare thing to see a breast turning larger / smaller than the other. However, any sudden changes may need a check-up – preferably in a healthcare setting.

What Is A Mammogram Test?

Of the several diagnostic tests available to check the incidence of Mammography test cost , mammogram remains one of the reliable techniques. This technique is done by using x-rays of considerably lower intensity; these rays are targeted at the affected site / tissue. Ionised radiations of mammography can offer picture of breast tissues. This method is used for detecting eccentric formation of lumps or abnormal / anomalous growth.

Mammogram is done with x-rays. Rays used here are not as strong or intensive as those used for detecting bone-related conditions. Typical levels of intensity may be in the range of 17.9 keV. You need to know that keV is the unit of intensity of ionised radiations.

Mammography Test Cost In Chennai

Beware of the limitations of a mammogram test; such tests do not have the capability to offer treatment to breast cancers. At best, mammogram test can indicate the presence of abnormal growth in breasts. Outputs of this test often leads to a few other tests like a biopsy or an ultrasound scan.

If you have an earlier occurrence of cancers in your family (among blood relatives) – especially in breasts, it is essential to have it exposed to a mammogram test. In general, it is a safe practice to get the test done once you are aged above 36 years.

It is a good practice to get your breasts checked once per 18 months. Your caregiver will seek inputs / clarifications on presence of any autoimmune conditions, congenital health problems and on gene-based alterations – passed through your parents, if any. It may be surprising for you to know that some men may also have cancers in their breasts! But such conditions may only occur very rarely. Research on this domain suggests only 10 in 1000 males may get it. Men who belong to families wherein cancers in breasts are common are more vulnerable.

You need to know these breast cancer tests are offered based in different technologies. These are offered in 2-D i.e., two-dimensional as well as 3-D formats. Digital-based mammography is fast gaining acceptance among both patients and caregiving teams.

The equipment has sensors to receive signals as digital messages. This makes digital forms of mammogram to discard films – which were widely used for a very long time now. Grab of images through digital means is clearer, and is of a higher resolution.

Discover the Limitations of Mammogram Test Cost For Breast Cancer Detection

Price of a mammogram test is not a same-tariff in the many diagnostic setting of Chennai. Cost of this test varies on the coverage your insurance scheme is offering. A more full-fledged insurance plan is likely to cover diagnostic procedures like a mammogram test. But such insurance schemes are priced at a higher premium in Chennai.

The 2-D test is priced a few hundreds of Rupees lesser than its 3-D counterpart. The average pricing of mammogram test in Chennai is between INR 1,700 to INR 4,500. Many diagnostic set-ups offer this test through prior appointments. You are however required to have a valid prescription from a certified oncologist i.e., cancer specialist. Diagnostic set-ups may also accept prescriptions from general physicians as well as gynaecologists.

You may use the internet to search for scan set-ups in Chennai that offer mammogram test at cheaper costs. Your physician can also guide you to zero-in on a set-up wherein you are likely to save more rupees. Cost of this scan in Chennai can vary depending on the type of test.

In Chennai, you can avail a broad range of mammogram tests; these include film-based mammogram (this however has turned obsolete with no/ limited number of set-ups offering this), digital-based mammogram, 3-D form of this test, sono mammography as well as MR mammograph. Of these, digital mammogram is fast gaining traction. Many radiology and imaging (R&I) scanning set-ups are offering the digital mode in Chennai.

The digital mode is preferred as the level of absorption of x-rays is far superior to other forms of this test. As a result, your caregiving team(s) enjoy an access to very high-resolution (hi – res) images / scan outputs.

3-dimensional i.e., 3-D mammogram is also labelled as tomosynthesis of breasts. This works by combining various sources of x-ray radiations. As an outcome, your caregiving team is able to get a finer view of structures of your breasts. The sono mammogram is also known as breast ultrasound. There are diagnostic service providers in Chennai who offer this test as well. Here, your breast is exposed to waves of sound. These are of lower wavelength / higher frequency. With this approach, your breasts are scanned to get a detailed image of the structures. These waves are of sound origin; hence, there is no risk of x-ray radiations. However, it is not a new thing in Chennai to see breast ultrasound used in conjunction with conventional mammogram tests.

The MR approach to perform a mammogram test if gaining widespread popularity. This involves the use of radio waves as well as a magnetic field to create images of tissues of your breasts. You need to remember that magnetic resonance mammography is not an alternative to mammogram. The MR approach is used only when conventional mammogram test does not yield a clear output – owing to the complexity of your condition.

Mammography test is also used when the tissues in your breast have turned denser. A few caregivers may order for MR protocol in order to do a better assessment of the images a basic mammogram test provides. Overall, this approach of MR is believed as a safer approach as against the risks of exposure to x-ray radiations.

Conclusion​

In conclusion the mammogram set-ups of Chennai, it is common for a female mammogram-technician to position your breasts on a platform – suitable for scanning. A plate-like structure presses the breast from the top. These plates are made of plastic. These bottom and top plates are kept in a static position; radiations / x-rays are passed on this arrangement to get an output. 

Once the above procedure is done, the technician may advise you to shift the position. This is done to grab images from multiple perspectives. It is quite a common practice to hold your breathing cycle. This enhances the quality of output of mammogram test.

Lastly, it becomes important to know about the possible symptoms of cancers in breasts. So, if you experience painful nipple(s) or thickening of a breast, change of color of skin, inflammation of lymphatic nodes, etc., tell your doctor of such changes without much delay. In order to have more details about mammogram test in Chennai and how much it costs in this city; it is highly recommended to talk to your treating doctor or caregiving team in Chennai.

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