Home > heart disease
Posted on:

Why you need to understand pathogenesis of heart disease?

Why you need to understand pathogenesis of heart disease?

Introduction

Knowledge of the reasons that cause and contribute to the development of heart disease will help in taking the right approach. For instance, a clear understanding will help you seek timely screening, and avail the best treatment for best outcomes. Let’s take a good look at pathogenesis of heart disease to understand why it is necessary to screen for certain conditions.

What is the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease?

Ischemic heart disease is also commonly known as coronary artery disease. This condition is due to a reduction in flow of blood to the heart muscle. This, is turn, is the result of narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. Key points to bear in mind for a clear understanding of pathogenesis of heart disease are outlined below:

  •  Atherosclerosis – is almost always the main underlying cause. This occurs as a result of plaque buildup on the inner walls of the coronary arteries. Plaque is essentially a combination of cholesterol, fatty material and cellular waste. Accumulation of plaque results in narrowed arteries and reduced flow of blood.
  • Lesser flow of blood – affects the heart muscle as the required oxygen-rich blood does not reach it. This increases during physical activity or some kind of stress.
  • Angina – is the pain or discomfort experienced when the heart muscle receives less oxygen. This is a symptom of IHD and is typically experienced during exertion or under stress.
  • Myocardial infarction – commonly known as a heart attack refers to completely blocked flow of blood to the heart muscle. This is due to ruptured plaque in the coronary artery, resulting in formation of blood clot. This, in turn blocks the artery, preventing flow of blood, following which the affected part of the heart muscle either dies or s severely damaged.

What is rheumatic heart disease pathology?

This refers to a condition resulting from rheumatic fever, untreated strep throat infections. As part of understanding pathogenesis of heart disease, let’s look at the following key processes that contribute to RHD:

  • Rheumatic fever -an inflammatory disease that usually develops post strep throat infection.
  • Immune response – post rheumatic fever, the immune system of the body attacks its own tissues like the heart by mistake. 
  • Inflammation – because of the above immune response, inflammation occurs in the heart tissues. This affects the heart valves and may also affect the heart muscle, and the lining of the heart.
  • Valvular damage – this is effectively the most serious outcome of rheumatic fever. The heart valves are affected, such as thickening of the heart valve leaflets. Other effects include narrowing of the valve opening, reducing flow of blood. Leakage of blood due to inability of valves to close, chronic valvular disease are other outcomes.
  • Heart failure – is the consequence of chronic damage and dysfunction of the heart valves, as the heart becomes unable to pump blood effectively

What does organic heart disease mean?

This term broadly refers to heart conditions due to physical changes or damage to the structure of the heart. To continue with a clear understanding of pathogenesis of heart disease, this term distinguishes conditions from functional heart disorders. For instance, certain abnormalities occur in heart function without any related structural damage. Let’s dive deeper into the explanation.

  •       Structural changes – there would be clear discernible changes in the structure of the heart, like changes to heart valves. Similarly, other changes could include enlarged, thickened, or rigid heart muscle that has effect on the ability of the heart to pump blood. Abnormalities also include holes between heart chambers. 
  •       Reasons – the changes in structure are primarily due to infections like rheumatic fever or endocarditis. Other reasons include hypertension, coronary artery disease, and genetically inherited conditions. Inflammation of the heart muscle as a result of infections or autoimmune conditions are also possible reasons.

How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosis is through imaging tests, like echocardiograms, MRIs, or CT scans. These tests show the physical changes in the heart. To look for genetically inherited conditions, advanced genetic testing facilities are presently available in Tamil Nadu, offering patients a convenient testing option. This will indicate if you are genetically inclined to certain conditions, by analyzing blood or saliva sample.

How is the condition treated or managed?

Treatment will vary, depending on the condition and typically involves a combination of many measures. For instance, medications, changes in lifestyle, or surgical procedures may be necessary. 

Organic heart disease, can also be summed up as a condition caused organically due to a combination of genetics, age and lifestyle causing deformity. This is different from heart damage caused by external influence, like an injury.

What is the pattern of cardiac enzymes in heart disease?

Cardiac enzymes are essentially substances that are released into the blood due to damage to the heart muscle. By measuring these enzymes, it is possible to diagnose and evaluate the condition better. This also helps in understanding the pathogenesis of heart disease for a better and effective approach to treatment. Here is how cardiac enzyme levels change in various conditions:

Troponin – Levels increase within 3-12 hours after damage to the heart muscle. Troponin is regarded as the best marker of heart attack as it is highly specific to heart muscle damage. 

Creatine Kinase – Levels increase within 4-6 hours after injury to heart muscle. CK-MB is an isoenzyme of creatine kinase that is mainly found in the heart muscle. This makes it extremely useful for diagnosing heart attacks.

Myoglobin – Levels increase within 1-4 hours after damage to the heart muscle. This is regarded as an early marker of muscle damage. However, it is not very specific like troponin and CK-MB, as it is also present in other muscles.

B-type Natriuretic Peptide – Levels increase as a result of increased pressure in the heart chambers, that usually occurs in heart failure conditions.  The levels are used to evaluate and monitor heart failure and not usually for myocardial infarction.

Related Blogs :
Posted on:

Greater risk reduction with modern treatment for heart disease

Greater risk reduction with modern treatments for heart disease

Introduction

Significant strides have been achieved in outcomes as a result of modern treatments for heart disease. For instance, dietary changes reduce risk by 30%, lifestyle changes by 25%, and medications for cholesterol and blood pressure reduce risk by 25%. Advanced surgical procedures like CABG, CRT, LVAD, and conventional procedures of angioplasty and stenting also significantly reduce risk. Let us take a good look at options presently available.

Information about various modern treatments for heart disease

In addition to effective outcomes, survival rates and quality of life have improved with modern treatment of heart disease. Here is how these options have made a huge change in the overall heart health and prevention of adverse events.

  • Lifestyle modifications – such as weight management, routine exercising, and heart healthy diet reduce the risk of heart disease. This brings about a reduction in blood pressure and cholesterol levels, while improving cardiovascular function.
  • Medications – help by controlling risk factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and abnormal heart rhythms. Medicines used as part of treatment include statins to lower cholesterol, antihypertensives to lower blood pressure and antiplatelets to reduce risk of blood clots.
  • Procedures – such as angioplasty, stenting, and bypass surgery help restore flow of blood to the heart.
  • New therapies – such as Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, helps to improve heart function, while LVAD is a life-saving option in end-stage heart failure.
  • Screening – early screening, helps to prevent complications, in a preventive manner, improving long-term health outcomes. Survival rates improve when screening helps early detection. One such screening is genetic testing which helps reveal if the person is genetically predisposed to heart disease or other factors that contribute to heart disease risk.

What is medical management of rheumatic heart disease?

This refers to treating symptoms, preventing complications, and focusing on the underlying causes of RHD, such as:

  • Symptomatic treatment – through medicines like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and pain as a result of rheumatic fever. Other medicines include diuretics to reduce fluid buildup in the body. 
  • Preventive measures – use of long-term antibiotic treatment with penicillin helps prevent repeat episodes of rheumatic fever. When RHD results in heart failure, suitable medications for managing heart failure are part of the treatment regimen. This includes ACE inhibitors to relax blood vessels, Beta-Blockers to reduce heart rate, blood pressure and digoxin to increase force of heart contractions. 
  • Periodic checkups – to assess heart function and make changes to treatment when required. Checkup involves echocardiograms to assess the heart valve functioning. 
  • Lifestyle changes – such as a heart-healthy diet, routine physical activity, and quitting smoking.

What is surgical management of rheumatic heart disease?

As part of modern treatments for heart disease, surgical management of RHD is undertaken when medications are not enough. This involves the following procedures:

  • Valve repair – to correct a damaged heart valve by removing scar tissue, fixing valve flaps, or reshaping the valve.
  • Valve replacement – to replace a severely damaged heart valve with mechanical valves made with titanium or carbon. Similarly, biological valves made with animal tissues are also used where applicable.
  • Valve reconstruction – involves reconstructing the affected valve or structures around, including repairing valve leaflets, chords, or annulus. 
  • Types of surgery – include open-heart surgery by temporarily stopping the heart to replace/repair the valve. During this period, a heart-lung machine is used in place of the temporarily stopped heart. The other type of surgery is minimally invasive procedure using advanced techniques to repair/replace the valve.

What is chelation therapy for heart disease?

Chelation therapy refers to a treatment that is used for removal of heavy metals from the body. This therapy involves use of chelating agents that bind to heavy metals, following which the body flushes it out through urine. While this cannot be technically considered as part of modern treatments for heart disease, it is, at times used, despite being a controversial and less conventional option.  

  1. Goal of chelation therapy:

The main goal of chelation therapy is to treat heavy metal poisoning, for instance, removal of lead, mercury, or arsenic. Chelating agents have the quality of binding to such heavy metals, followed by elimination from the body. 

Chelation therapy has been suggested as an option for improving heart health by removing calcium deposits from arteries. This could technically reduce atherosclerosis and improve blood flow.

  1. Chelating agents:

This therapy is achieved through use of EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid) for heavy metal poisoning. DMSA (Dimercaptosuccinic Acid) and DMPS (Dimercaptopropane Sulfonate) are the other commonly used chelating agents chosen for specific metal poisoning treatments.

  1. Relation to heart disease:

This is presently part of ongoing research with new theories suggesting that the therapy might also reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition to removing heavy metals and reducing calcium deposits in the arteries, this may theoretically help improve heart health.

  1. Risks, possible side effects:

There are possible risks that can arise due to chelation therapy. For instance, there are possible side effects, such as kidney damage, potential allergic reactions, and imbalance in electrolytes. It is therefore necessary for careful monitoring of patients undergoing chelation therapy to tackle any adverse effects.

  1. Present recommendations:

Presently, chelation therapy is used to treat heavy metal poisoning, while for heart disease, it is not part of standard treatment. Ideally, conventional measures like lifestyle changes, medications, and surgical interventions are the recommended options for heart disease.

Genetic testing can be considered as a good option to check for genetic reasons or risk of heart disease. There are various reasons for heart disease, including a genetic component. By ruling out or confirming genetic risks, it is possible to take suitable preventive or mitigating treatment as required to reduce risk.

Chelation therapy is not medically recommended as a substitute for established treatment regimen. Its use for managing cardiovascular conditions continues to be controversial.

Related Blogs :
Posted on:

Identifying Issues With Proper Rheumatic Heart Disease Diagnosis

Identifying issues with proper diagnostic evaluation of heart disease

Introduction

Talented, young assistant director Anil Xavier of the famous movie “Manjummel Boys”, passed away tragically at age 39 while undergoing treatment after a heart attack. This makes it extremely important for all to ensure that there is a proper diagnostic evaluation of heart disease. Timely screening can help prevent tragic circumstances, and restore health. Let is take a detailed look at some of the measures required.

What is nursing diagnosis for rheumatic heart disease?

  • This refers to the focus on the effects of RHD on the physical and emotional well-being of the patient. Nursing diagnosis also helps in preventing future complications. Some of the possible nursing diagnoses of rheumatic heart disease are outlined below:
  • Lesser cardiac output – could be due to poor valvular function and could be noticed through symptoms like overall tiredness and possible dyspnea. The person may not be able to exercise for longer periods and may have weak peripheral pulses. There could be indications of edema, and heart murmur.
  • Inability to participate in activities – could be due to lesser cardiac output and reduced tissue oxygenation. Symptoms of this include difficulty breathing, fatigue, irregular heartbeats and overall weakness.
  • Poor supply of oxygen rich blood to tissues – because of lesser cardiac output from valvular dysfunction. Symptoms include slower capillary refill, cool limb extremities, and indications of congestive heart failure.
  • More fluid volume – due to impaired cardiac function resulting in fluid retention and potential heart failure. Symptoms include peripheral edema, swollen and bulging veins in the neck, sudden weight gain, and pulmonary congestion.
  • Poor gas exchange – because of pulmonary congestion or edema consequent to left-sided heart failure. Symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea and lesser oxygen saturation.
  • Pain – this could be chronic and due to persistent inflammation of the joints because of rheumatic fever. Symptoms include pain in the joints and chest, possible swelling.
  • Anxiety – this could be abnormal and due to anxiousness about the disease, future complications, and the effects on lifestyle. The patient may display insomnia, restlessness, and may share concerns, apart from having trouble in focusing.
  • Sorrow – this could be due to existing health issues and the resultant changes in lifestyle because of chronic heart disease. The patient may express sadness and grief, apart from a complex due to physical limitations or present health

What is ICD 10 code for heart disease?

ICD-10 refers to an international code used during diagnostic evaluation of heart disease. Acronym for International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, it is a set of specific codes that denote different heart diseases. Common ICD-10 codes of heart disease are as given below:

  • Ischemic heart disease, also commonly known as coronary artery disease has the following codes – I25.10, and I25.119.
  • Hypertensive heart disease has the following codes – I11.9, and I11.0.
  • Heart failure is denoted with 5 different codes – I50.9, I50.1, I50.22, I50.32, and I50.42.
  • Rheumatic heart disease is denoted by the following two codes – I09.81, and I09.9.
  • Cardiomyopathy is indicated with three codes – I42.9, I42.0, and I42.1.
  • Valvular heart disease has the following three codes – I34.0, I35.0, and I36.0.
  • Arrhythmias is denoted by the following three codes – I49.9, I48.91, and I47.2.
  • Congenital heart disease is indicated the following code – Q24.9.
  • Other heart diseases are identified by two codes – I51.9, and I21.9

What are the ECG changes in ischemic heart disease?

Ischemic heart disease will bring about changes in ECG indicating severity, as part of diagnostic evaluation of heart disease. Here is how typical ECG changes may be recorded or observed with ischemic heart disease:

  • T-Wave changes – these are known as some of the earliest signs of ischemia, when the heart muscle does not receive adequate blood and oxygen. This causes changes in the T-wave on an ECG.
  • ST-Segment changes – this represents the period between the contraction and recover of the heart, and indicates when the heart does not receive adequate blood and oxygen.
  • Q-Wave formation – represents the initial part of the electrical activity in the heart when the main pumping chambers contract. When the waves turn bigger, it indicates that a part of the muscle has died or been damaged.
  • R-Wave changes – indicate damage to the heart muscle.
  • Reciprocal changes – are changes observed during a heart attack, especially in ST elevation myocardial infarction.
  • These ECG changes help diagnose and managing IHD, especially when urgent interventions are necessary

How to check for heart disease at home?

While diagnostic evaluation of heart disease is performed in a full-fledged medical facility, you can carry out some basic steps at home to monitor heart health. This will help to identify possible warning signs of heart conditions. Let’s take a quick look at how you can carry out some checks at home.

  • Heart rate – you can check your pulse in the morning before you move out of bed. The ideal resting heart rate for adults should be between 60 and 100 beats per minute. Look for signs of irregular or rapid heartbeats, and consult a specialist if you notice any.
  • Blood pressure – a home blood pressure monitor can help you check blood pressure. The ideal blood pressure level is around 120/80 mmHg; seek medical help if it is consistently above 130/80 mmHg. 
  • Symptomatic observations – make a note of unexplained chest pain, or pressure, or some discomfort, that radiates to the arm, neck, jaw, or your back. Difficulty breathing, extreme fatigue, swelling in the legs, and dizzy feelings are other symptoms that need to be monitored.
  • Weight – any sudden weight gain, may be an indication of fluid retention. Check your Body Mass Index and keep it below 25. 

Genetic testing is suggested, mainly to check for genetic predisposition for heart issues. This could be congenital in nature or inherited conditions, and advanced testing facilities help to check for this risk, which will help in taking the right preventive measures if detected.

Related Blogs :
Posted on:

Do any of these risk factors for heart disease apply to you?

Do any of these risk factors for heart disease apply to you?

Introduction

Most individuals are unaware that there are modifiable risk factors that can be tackled to reduce adverse effects on heart health. Similarly, there are non-modifiable risk factors, and it is very important to check for these factors. This will help to reduce risks by taking suitable measures by way of surgical or medical interventions, apart from mitigating actions in other linked areas. Here is a detailed look at some of the risk factors for heart disease that can impact heart health.

Measures required for coronary heart disease prevention

A combination of measures can help prevent coronary heart disease, including lifestyle modifications, treatment of existing conditions, and medications. Important steps to reduce risk factors for heart disease are as given below:

  1. Diet – rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Changes include reduction of saturated and trans fats, sodium, intake of red meat, dairy products, and processed foods. Switch to healthy fats, olive oil, foods high in dietary fiber.
  2. Physical activity – to become a routine activity or regimen of at least 150 minutes per week with exercises like brisk walking. Alternatively, intense activities of 75 minutes per week, like running. The exercises need to include muscle-strengthening activities twice a week.
  3. Weight management – target Body Mass Index within the range of 18.5–24.9. It is important to note that even modest weight change can reduce risk factors significantly.
  4. Cessation of smoking and drinking – quitting smoking is a very effective measure and is actually mandatory.  Similarly, cutting down on drinking or eliminating drinking completely will reduce a lot of indirect risk factors of heart diseases.
  5. Blood pressure, cholesterol – ensure that blood pressure levels are maintained below 120/80 mm Hg. Similarly, keep cholesterol levels near normal ranges, such as total cholesterol level <200 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dL and HDL cholesterol >40mg/dL.
  6. Diabetes – if you are diabetic, control blood sugar levels within the desired target range. This is to be achieved through diet, exercise, and medications. 
  7. Stress – keep stress under control through deep breathing exercises, or other relaxation techniques. Ensure that you get proper sleep between 7–9 hours every night.
  8. Screening – go in for routine screenings, for blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels. It is a good idea to go in for genetic testing to check for genetic predisposition to heart diseases. Advanced genetic testing  facilities are presently available in Tamil Nadu to check for congenital conditions or inherited conditions

What is the connection between diabetes and heart disease

Most people are unaware that diabetes and heart disease are closely linked. Untreated high blood sugar levels increase your risk of heart disease, due to the impact on cardiovascular health, outlined below:

  • High blood glucose – damages blood vessels, increasing risk of atherosclerosis. Diabetics are more likely to have high levels of bad cholesterol and low levels of good cholesterol.
  • Hypertension – diabetes and hypertension are often co-existing conditions, increasing risk factors for heart disease.
  • Dyslipidemia – diabetics have an abnormal lipid profile, with lipid imbalance increasing risk of coronary artery disease.
  • Obesity – people with type 2 diabetes are typically obese or overweight, exposing the person to risk of developing heart disease.
  • Insulin resistance – is an outcome of type 2 diabetes, contributing to atherosclerosis, and inflammation.
  • Blood clotting – diabetics are prone to possible blood clotting, causing increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
  • Autonomic neuropathy – diabetics may end up with damaged autonomic nerves. These nerves control heart rate and blood pressure, and the damage causes a higher risk of heart disease.
  • Diabetic cardiomyopathy – diabetes brings about structural and functional changes in the heart muscle over a period. This causes the heart muscle to thicken, or turn stiff and weakened, with increased risk of heart failure.

Is there a connection between stress and heart disease

Yes, there is a definite connection between stress and heart disease, especially chronic stress. The various way sin which this can contribute to risk factors for heart disease are as listed below.

  • Chronic stress causes increased heart rate, blood pressure, and causes release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones, in turn are known to lead to hypertension, inflammation, when released frequently, over a long time.
  • Stress causes blood vessels to constrict, and this restricts flow of blood to the heart. Chronic stress also contributes to progression of atherosclerosis.
  • Stress is linked with inflammation with high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in people with chronic stress.
  • Stress impacts in different ways, such as making people smoke, causing binge eating, unhealthy dietary choices and consumption of alcohol, apart from affecting sleep.
  • There are direct effects on cardiac health such as “broken heart syndrome” causing temporary weakening of the heart muscle. Stress also triggers abnormal heart rhythms that are dangerous and increase risk factors for heart disease.

Why you need to know the relation between alcohol and heart disease

Alcohol consumption has an indirect effect on heart health and is considered as contributing to risk factors for heart disease. While men can, on an average, have a maximum of two drinks per day, and women one drink per day safely, this is to be checked with a physician. Here is a quick overview of the effects of alcohol on heart health:

  • High blood pressure – from excessive drinking.
  • Cardiomyopathy – form long term drinking.
  • Arrhythmias – from drinking excessively and from long term drinking.
  • Heart failure – from heavy drinking.
  • Lipid profile – heavy drinking increases levels of triglycerides.
  • Weight – alcohol is high in calories and contributes to weight gain.
  • Blood sugar – heavy drinking results in chronic inflammation and insulin resistance.
  • Drug interactions – alcohol is known to interact with medications that are typically recommended for heart disease.
Related Blogs :
Posted on:

Why it is important to treat rheumatic heart disease with a sense of urgency?

Why it is important to treat rheumatic heart disease with a sense of urgency?

Introduction

In the lesser-developed states of India, rheumatic heart disease treatments are known to contribute to almost 40% of cardiac surgeries. This makes it important for the condition to be treated with a sense of urgency to prevent and control the high prevalence rates. It is estimated that in India the number of cases could touch a little above 3 million cases.

What is pulmonary heart disease?

This refers to a condition where the right side of the heart is enlarged and weakened. This is the result of high blood pressure in the lungs. As a result of this, pumping of blood through lungs from the right ventricle becomes extremely difficulty. This results in right-sided heart failure.

Main causes of pulmonary heart disease

  •       Pulmonary hypertension – due to lung diseases that afflict the pulmonary arteries.
  •       Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – due to chronic bronchitis, obstructing flow of air and increased pressure in the lungs.
  •       Pulmonary embolism – blocked pulmonary arteries as a result of a blood clot. 
  •       Interstitial lung diseases – that end scarring of lung tissue. 
  •       Sleep apnea – resulting in intermittent increases in pulmonary pressure. 

Commonly reported symptoms of pulmonary heart disease

  •       Difficulty breathing – during physical activity. 
  •       Overall tiredness – as a result of reduced oxygen supply.
  •       Pain in the chest or discomfort – due to increased workload on.
  •       Swelling – in the legs, ankles, and abdomen. 
  •       Jugular venous distension – swelling in the veins in the neck.
  •       Cyanosis – skin appears with a bluish tint, especially around lips and fingers. 

How is pulmonary heart disease?

The condition is treated by managing existing conditions, oxygen therapy. Medications like diuretics, vasodilators, anticoagulants, bronchodilators, and changes in lifestyle are also part of treatment. In some cases, it may be necessary to undergo procedures like lung transplantation or pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.

What is rheumatic valvular heart disease?

This is a type of heart disease due to damage of the heart’s valves from rheumatic fever. The fever is itself an inflammatory condition that develops after strep throat infection from Group A Streptococcus bacteria. As a result of the immune response to the infection, inflammation is triggered in the heart and other parts of the body. This causes scarring and affects the heart valves. Rheumatic heart disease and rheumatic valvular heart disease are closely related.

The commonly valves affected in the condition include:

  •  Mitral valve – where the valve opening is narrowed or leakage occurs.
  •  Aortic valve – where there is narrowing of the aortic valve or backflow of blood.

Symptoms of rheumatic valvular heart disease

  •    Difficulty breathing.
  •    Overall tiredness. 
  •    Irregular heartbeats.
  •    Pain in the chest or discomfort.
  •    Swelling in the legs.
  •    Coughing up blood.

How is the condition treated?

The condition is treated through medications to control symptoms, such as diuretics, anticoagulants, beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers.  Surgical interventions may be necessary in some cases to repair or replace the damaged valves.

What is the best option for management of rheumatic heart disease

The management of rheumatic heart disease depends on the severity of the condition, and the affected heart valves. The purpose of treatment is to manage symptoms, and prevent complications, and is achieved by:

  1. Prevention of rheumatic fever – this could involve long term use of antibiotics as prophylactics.
  2. Symptomatic Treatment – with prescribed medicines, such as diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, anticoagulants and anti-inflammatory drugs.
  3. Lifestyle changes – such as regular exercise, heart-healthy diet, quitting smoking, and managing weight.
  4. Surgery – such as valve repair or replacement. Valve repair is always a preferred option because it preserves the patient’s natural valve, helping maintains normal heart function.  Valve replacement is necessary when repair is not an option. This involves replacement of the damaged valve either with a mechanical or biological valve. It is necessary to ensure anticoagulation management of mechanical valves for the remaining lifetime. Biological valves may need to be replaced after a certain period.

Tips for nursing management of rheumatic heart disease

This involves providing comprehensive care with a clear focus on managing symptoms, and preventing complications. Key tips for effective nursing management of rheumatic heart disease include the following.

Monitoring:

  • Regularly monitor vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. 
  • Check for heart murmurs.
  • Periodically assess the patient for difficulty breathing, pain in the chest, or overall fatigue. Look for signs of swelling in the legs or the abdomen. 
  • Observe signs of fluid retention, like enema or weight gain, and record urine output.

Medicines:

  • Timely administration of medicines like diuretics, beta-blockers, anticoagulants, and antibiotics.
  • Patients on anticoagulants are to be monitored for signs of bleeding.

During surgeries:

  • Ensure that the patient receives preoperative care when surgery is required.
  • Post-surgery, monitor the patient for any indications of complications like infections, bleeding, or arrhythmias. 

Complications:

  • Ensure that complications like heart failure are managed by actions like inclining the bed to handle shortness of breath.
  • Prevent infections, through proper oral care, and hygiene.
  • Ensure long-term antibiotic prophylaxis.

What is the role of genetic testing in rheumatic valvular heart disease?

While the role of genetic testing in rheumatic valvular heart disease is limited, it is continually increasing. This is due to applications that have immense potential in the future. The role of genetic testing facilities in the future will include the following:

  1. Genetic predisposition – with advanced genetic testing it is possible to determine genetic factors that have an influence on a person’s risk of developing rheumatic valvular heart disease. As a result of genetic variations, the immune responses differ, and some people may be genetically predisposed. 
  2. Family history – genetic testing could possibly identify people with higher risk as a result of inherited genetic components.
  3. Personalized medicine – a futuristic possibility is that genetic testing can help assess a person’s risk of developing severe RVD. Based on this risk assessment, it would be possible to work out preventive measures at a personalized level.
  4. Counseling – this can help individuals with a family history of RVD. Counselling can offer information on the risk for future generations in the family.
Related Blogs :
Posted on:

Did You Know The 10 Main Types Of Common Heart Diseases And Treatments?

Did you know the 10 main types of heart disease?

Introduction

Most people assume that heart attack and heart failure are the same. However, there are differences that help in understanding the urgency of treatment. For instance, heart attack is an acute event, and requires emergency treatment. Heart failure is a chronic condition that needs to be managed to prevent it from worsening into an acute event. For a better understanding of heart health and conditions, let’s look at the many different types of heart disease.

What is the most common heart disease?

The most common heart disease is coronary artery disease among the different types of heart disease. The condition is a leading cause of death globally, as it leads to complications such as heart attacks, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Known commonly by its acronym CAD, it refers to the condition when the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. This narrowing or blocking is attributed to plaque buildup. Plaque comprises cholesterol, fatty deposits, and other cellular substances.

The reason for high prevalence of CAD is due to risk factors that are increasing globally. This includes high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes and lifestyle choices. For instance, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, drinking, poor dietary preferences and high stress.  Symptoms commonly linked with CAD include pain in the chest or discomfort. This is medically known as angina.

What are the main different types of heart disease?

Various types of heart disease adversely impact functioning of the heart and its structure. The main types of heart disease that are responsible for most hospitalization and treatment include the following:

  • Coronary artery disease – As mentioned above, this is the most common type of heart disease.
  • Heart failure – This condition is medically known as congestive heart failure, and is because the heart is unable to pump blood as required.
  • Arrhythmias – This refers to irregular heartbeats due to abnormal electrical impulses in the heart.  
  • Valvular heart disease – This refers to damage to the heart valves, that are responsible for regulating blood flow through the heart.  
  • Cardiomyopathy – This condition refers to diseases of the heart muscle that where the heart becomes unable to pump blood as required.  
  • Congenital heart disease – This happens when the person has heart defects by birth, affecting the heart’s structure and functioning. 
  • Pericardial disease – This refers to a disease that affects the sac around the heart.  
  • Aortic disease – This refers to a condition affecting the main artery carrying blood from the heart.
  • Endocarditis – This is an infection of the inner lining of the chambers of the heart and valves.  
  • Myocarditis – This refers to inflammation of the heart muscle, due to viral infections or other diseases.

Outline of four cyanotic heart disease types

Cyanotic heart diseases are actually congenital heart defects resulting in reduced oxygen levels in the blood. This, in turn causes a bluish appearance to the skin, or the lips, or nails. Let’s look at four types of heart disease belonging to the category of cyanotic heart conditions.

  1. Tetralogy of fallot refers to a complex condition with four different defects. Common symptoms include bluish appearance on skin, difficulty breathing, overall tiredness.  This condition requires surgical intervention. 
  2. Transposition of the great arteries occurs when the two main arteries are switched or transposed. This condition causes blood that has poor oxygen to circulate through the body. Symptoms include severe bluish appearance on skin after birth, difficulty breathing.  This condition also requires surgical intervention. 
  3. Truncus arteriosus is a rare condition, wherein a single blood vessel emerges from the ventricles instead of separate pulmonary artery and aorta. This causes reduced oxygen levels in the body, presents symptoms like bluish tint on skin, difficulty breathing, and tiredness. Surgery is required to separate the pulmonary artery and aorta. 
  4. Tricuspid atresia refers to a condition where the tricuspid valve is absent or not developed. Due to this, there is reduced flow of blood to the lungs, causing bluish tint, difficulty breathing, and tiredness. This requires multiple surgeries to redirect blood flow.

Outline of various modern treatments on heart disease?

With all the information above, about different types of heart disease it is time to understand more about modern treatments for heart disease. Presently, due to continuous advancements, there are multiple options for treatment. This depends on the actual condition and severity of the condition.  

  1. Medications include one or more of the following.
    1. Antiplatelet agents to prevent blood clots.
    2. Beta-Blockers to bring down heart rate and blood pressure levels.
    3. ACE inhibitors and ARBs to reduce blood pressure levels and bring down the strain on the heart.
    4. Statins to reduce cholesterol levels.
    5. Diuretics to lower fluid build-up.
    6. Calcium channel blockers to relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure levels.
    7. Nitrates to offer relief from chest pain.
  2. Procedures are used as interventions in some cases.
    1. Angioplasty and stenting to open narrowed arteries and keep the artery open.
    2. Cardiac catheterization to assess and treat heart conditions in some instances.
    3. Ablation therapy to destroy targeted areas of heart tissue that are responsible for abnormal heart rhythms.
    4. Trans catheter aortic valve replacement to replace a narrowed aortic valve without resorting to open-heart surgery.
  3. Surgical treatments are different from interventions mentioned above.
    1. Coronary artery bypass grafting to replace a blocked artery with a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body.
    2. Heart valve repair or replacement of damaged heart valves with mechanical or biological valves.
    3. Heart transplant to replacing a diseased heart with a healthy heart from a donor.
    4. Left ventricular assist device to assist a weakened heart pump blood with a mechanical pump implant.
  4. Advanced therapies are the latest options used as part of treatment.
    1. Gene therapy to introduce genes to repair the heart tissue.
    2. Stem cell therapy to regenerate damaged heart tissue.
    3. Implantable devices to regulate heartbeat.
    4. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to correct life-threatening arrhythmias.
    5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy, a pacemaker like device to improve the heart’s efficiency.
  5. One of the most important options presently available is genetic testing. This helps people detect possible future or lifetime risk of heart disease due to genetic reasons. For instance, a person may be prone to risk of heart diseases or conditions due to genetically inherited conditions or due to defects by birth. Advanced genetic testing facilities are presently available in Tamil Nadu and tests at these facilities help in unearthing such risks.
  6. Other options include lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes, exercise regimen, quitting smoking and managing stress.
Related Blogs :
Posted on:

What are the main warning signs of heart disease?

Warning Signs Of Heart Disease And Symptoms In Men

Introduction

Popular singer Krishnakumar Kunnath, known as KK passed away in 2022 after a live concert after reportedly feeling “heavy”. Despite being rushed to a hospital he succumbed to a suspected heart attack. A significant percentage of people in India are unaware of the warning signs of heart disease and consequently, face adverse outcomes, including fatal outcomes. Here is how you could understand to recognize the possible indications of heart diseases and take remedial action on time.

What are the common warning signs of heart disease in men?

Among males, the commonly reported symptoms of heart disease will differ, and depends on the type of heart disease. However, some common signs of heart disease can help in recognizing the condition, including:

  • Pain in the chest or a feeling of discomfort – This is typically experienced as some kind of pressure or squeezing sensation. You could also experience sharp pain or feel “full” like the symptom reported by singer KK.  These sensations are felt in in the center or the left side of the chest. This could extend to the arms, the neck, or the back.
  • Difficulty breathing – Another sign is difficulty breathing, breathlessness, mostly after some kind of physical activity. This may also be experienced when lying flat. 
  • Overall tiredness – You may feel tired persistently, or weak all the time, even after minimal activity. 
  • Changes in heartbeats – You may clearly feel that your heartbeats have turned irregular or beating rapidly. This could also be experienced as a distinct fluttering or pounding sensation in your chest.
  • Other signs – In addition to the above, you may experience dizzy feelings and pain in the shoulders. You may also experience swelling in the legs, possible indigestion and break out into a cold sweat

Tips to identify warning signs of heart disease?

Due to the nature of the symptoms, it may sometimes be difficulty to clearly recognize signs of heart disease. Here are some tips that you can follow to help identifying signs and symptoms early. This will help you seek timely treatment for effective outcomes and also prevent adverse results.

  • Try to narrow down the pain sensation – When you experience any pain in the chest or discomfort, try to identify if it is a squeezing sensation. If the pain begins to radiate outwards, or if there is some pressure experienced, it could be a sign. Another way is to check if it is persistent in nature or severe.
  • Breathing difficulties – If you experience breathlessness even after mild exertion, get yourself checked, it could be an early indication. Similarly, if breathlessness is experienced even when you are lying flat, this is a strong sign.
  • Weakness – If you are feeling abnormally weak, even without activity, or while resting, check if you are experiencing any of the other symptoms mentioned above.
  • Heartbeats – This is easy to distinguish as the rapid, or pounding heartbeats are hard to miss. If you feel that the frequency is abnormal, then check if you are experiencing any other symptoms.
  • Discern multiple symptoms – It is necessary to try and check if you are experiencing more than one symptom. For instance, if you are feeling unusually weak, and if you have pain that is abnormal, get yourself checked. Similarly, look for combination of symptoms.
  • Swelling – This is another symptom that many people are likely to miss or assume as unconnected. If you observe swelling in your legs and if it does not subside, go in for a check-up.
  • Indigestion – Another symptom that is likely to be dismissed as unrelated is nausea, indigestion. If you experience other symptoms mentioned above, and if you also feel full, or experience nausea, it is time to go in for a check-up quickly.
  • Cold sweating – If you experience sweating, that feels cold or clammy to the touch, it could be a sign. If you are sweating without any possible reason, and if it is accompanied by pain in the chest or difficulty breathing, this is an advanced symptom.

Are the warning signs of heart disease in women different from those in men?

Yes, the signs of heart disease differ between women and men. Though both genders experience common symptoms, some symptoms are experienced differently by women:

Symptoms experienced by women

  • Pain in the chest – this is experienced with lesser intensity and is not experienced as the main or primary sensation.
  • Breathing difficulty – this is more pronounced and persistent in women.
  • Fatigue – this is also more pronounced and will not usually be relieved with rest.
  • Indigestion – in women, this is experienced either separately or sometimes with other symptoms.
  • Pain elsewhere – women tend to feel pain in the back, shoulders, neck, or jaw, and are usually not experienced in the chest.
  • Dizzy feelings – this is more frequent and severe in women.
  • Swelling in the legs – this is also more noticeable in women.
  • Symptoms that are not typical – women experience symptoms like anxiety, difficulty falling or staying asleep.
  • Main differences – women are often wrongly diagnosed, as a result of atypical symptoms of heart disease. There are certain additional risk factors like menopause or hormonal changes. It is important to understand these differences for better diagnosis and suitable treatment. It is always advisable for women to undergo genetic testing to look for congenital conditions or inherited conditions. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamil Nadu, offer comprehensive results that help to confirm or rule out any genetic predisposition to heart disease

Help in understanding warning signs of heart disease in Tamil

For people who may find it hard to understand the warning signs of heart disease explained in English, here is a transliteration of common symptoms:

  • Chest Pain is known in Tamil as marbu vali.
  • Weakness is known in Tamil as sorvu.
  • Heartbeat changes are known in Tamil as idaya tudippu.
  • Dizzy feeling is known in Tamil as mayakkam.
  • Swelling is known in Tamil as veekkam.
Related Blogs :
Posted on:

How of rheumatic heart disease pathophysiology impacts outcomes?

How pathophysiology of heart disease impacts outcomes?

Introduction

In the year 2016, famous Telugu actor Chiranjeevi underwent angioplasty, and has been leading a normal life ever since. During a routine check-up, Chiranjeevi learnt of possible heart issues, and followed up with timely intervention. Lets take a good look at rheumatic heart disease pathophysiology and its impact on the effectiveness of treatment.

A brief outline of rheumatic heart disease pathophysiology?

Rheumatic heart disease refers to a chronic condition due to rheumatic fever post Streptococcus infection. To continue with an understanding of pathophysiology of heart disease, let’s look at RHD in better detail. 

  1. Streptococcal Infection – Typically, RHD begins with throat infection due to Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Following this, the body’s immune response system works starts working. 
  2. Autoimmune condition – People who have autoimmune conditions, will end up with the immune system attacking own tissues, such as the heart, joints, skin, and central nervous system.
  3. Acute Rheumatic Fever – Due to extensive inflammation affecting the heart, this causes rheumatic carditis.
  4. Valve damage – Due to inflammation of the heart valves, and damage, the valves either do not open as required or close as required, affecting blood flow to the heart.
  5. Progression – Due to increased workload from valve dysfunction, the heart may end up enlarged. Additionally, formation of blood clots can result in a possible stroke. 

RHD is a condition that will remain forever, and requires to be managed. This may involve surgery on the damaged valves.

What is rheumatic heart disease pathophysiology?

Pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease refers to the manner in which RHD develops and progresses. The whole context of this article is the pathophysiology of heart disease and includes the symptoms and outcomes. This will help in choosing the best treatment and approach to intervention. This will also help in identifying the symptoms to conclusively confirm or rule out the disease.

RHD is due to a complex combination of infections, immune response, and inflammatory conditions. All of this cause chronic damage to the heart valves, and this impacts the flow of blood to the heart. A preventive approach would include use of antibiotics for timely treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. By preventing and managing streptococcal infections it is possible to pre-empt the autoimmune and inflammatory actions that cause chronic heart valve damage.

What is pathophysiology of congenital heart disease?

Congenital heart disease is the result of structural defects in the heart or certain blood vessels at the time of birth. This affects the functioning of the heart and would result in severe outcomes depending on the nature of the defect. As part of the effort to understand the pathophysiology of heart disease here is a detailed look.

  1. Genetic component – A lot of congenital heart defects are due to genetic mutations that are either inherited or occur during fetal development. Common genetic syndromes include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and DiGeorge syndrome.
  2. Environmental reasons – Apart from the above, maternal infections such as rubella, or use of drugs, alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause CHD. Diabetes during pregnancy can also cause CHD.

Different types of congenital heart defects

The different types of CHD include the following:

  •   Acyanotic heart defects.
  •   Septal defects. 
  •   Patent Ductus Arteriosus.
  •   Coarctation of the aorta.
  •   Valvular defects.
  •   Cyanotic heart defects.
  •   Tetralogy of fallot.  
  •   Transposition of the great arteries. 
  •   Truncus Arteriosus. 
  •   Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return. 

Possible symptoms include the following: 

  •   Discoloration of the skin, lips or mucous membranes.
  •   Heart murmurs. 
  •   Heart failure. 
  •   Development issues. 

The condition can be managed through medications, surgical procedures, and monitoring. A better understanding the underlying conditions helps in improved diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

What is meant by etiology of rheumatic heart disease?

Etiology refers to the origin of a disease, and RHD etiology can be considered as a part of pathophysiology of heart disease. Lets look at the key factors that influence the disease, and have a bearing on the outcomes of treatment.

The primary cause, as mentioned above, is due to strep throat, an infection. Post infection, the immune system of the body mounts a response and may end up harming the body’s own tissues, especially the heart. RHD is relatively more prevalent among low income and middle-income group people. This is mainly due to overcrowding, lack of healthcare, and poor treatment of streptococcal infections.

Diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease and role of genetic testing

While genetic testing offers analysis about future or lifetime risk of heart disease, its role in diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease is indirect and not the standard test. As seen above, RHD is due to infections, and the body’s response to the infections. Therefore, the genetic component is limited. However, there are two areas where genetic testing can help:

  1.  Some people are genetically predisposed to having severe reactions to strep throat infections. This can be detected through genetic testing.
  2.  Auto immune conditions are also a factor in RHD. Genetic testing can help reveal if the person has any auto immune condition. This can help understand the person’s possible response to any condition.

Therefore, genetic testing does not have a direct role in detecting RHD in patients. However, it can help in understanding certain conditions that could be causative factors for future RHD. Genetic testing facilities in Tamil Nadu presently offer advanced testing services to check for future or lifetime risk of heart disease.

The tests are relatively simple, with blood or saliva samples used for analysis. A detailed analysis of the sample helps in understanding genetic mutations and inherited conditions that will give a clear picture of future or lifetime risk of heart disease.

Based on the analysis and reports, intervention in the form of medications and lifestyle changes can reduce the risk considerably. In some instances, surgical procedures can correct problems and prevent the risk of heart disease. Intervention can help reduce the effects of any possible cardiovascular event in the future, thereby saving lives and improving the quality of lives.

Related Blogs :
Posted on:

What are the causes of heart disease among younger generation?

What are the causes of heart disease among younger generation?

Introduction

Latest research shows that four out of five deaths in the age group of 40-69 in India is due to heart attacks. This indicates an increase in heart attacks among the younger generation, compared to previous years. This is due to a combination of reasons that have contributed to causes of heart disease among younger generation.

What are the major causes of heart disease?

The primary causes of heart disease are due to multiple reasons, including a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental reasons, as outlined below:

  1.     Atherosclerosis – due to high levels of cholesterol and high blood pressure levels.
  2.     Diet – poor dietary habits high in saturated and trans fats, along with high salt and sugar intake. 
  3.     Physically inactive – resulting in obesity, hypertension, and increased risk of heart disease.
  4.     Smoking – an increase in number of young smokers, and exposure to secondhand smoke.  
  5.     Genetics – family history of heart disease and inherited conditions. 
  6.     Stress – extended periods of stress contributing to various outcomes. 
  7.     Alcohol – excessive alcohol consumption resulting in increased risk. 
  8.     Age – advancing age increases risk of heart disease in women above 55 and men above 45. 
  9.     Gender – men are at higher risk earlier in life, while women are at higher risk after menopause.
  10. Conditions – rheumatoid arthritis, chronic infections, increase risk of atherosclerosis.
  11. Sleep Apnea – results in repeated pauses in breathing, increases blood pressure and risk of heart failure.
  12. Poor oral hygiene – gum disease increases risk of heart disease, due to spread of bacteria.  
  13. Congenital heart defects – structural heart defects at birth expose people to heart disease risk.

What is etiology of ischemic heart disease?

The origin or causes of heart disease such as ischemic heart disease is a complex combination of factors that result in the narrowing of arteries. Also known as coronary artery disease, this results in reduced flow of blood to the heart.

Reasons include formation of plaque which happens to the most common cause of ischemic heart disease. In this condition, plaque comprising cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste, calcium, and fibrin accumulate in the inside of the coronary arteries. This can rupture later, causing blood clots that either partially or completely block blood flow. 

This condition is attributed to various risk factors, such as high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure levels, smoking, high blood sugar levels, excess body fat, sedentary lifestyle, and poor diet.  

Other reasons include chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, genetic reasons and family history. Age, gender, lifestyle, and other existing conditions are also contributing factors. Vasospasm is also a reason, where a temporary spasm of the coronary arteries, causes a reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle. This may occur without atherosclerosis.

Is there increased risk if there is family history of heart disease?

Yes, having a family history of heart disease counts as one of the causes of heart disease and also increases risk of heart disease. This is due to a combination of genetic factors, similar environmental factors, and lifestyle that are common in families.

For instance, a person may be genetically predisposed due to inherited conditions. This is due to genetic mutations and inherited conditions such as familial hypercholesterolemia. Genes that have an impact on cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and body metabolism, are similar in people with a family history of coronary artery disease.

Similarly, people with a family history share the same environment and lifestyle. For instance, diet, exercise, and smoking, contribute to heart disease risk and may run in the family. People with such family history are likely to experience early-onset of heart disease.  The ideal approach would be to undergo regular screening, such as monitoring blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels.

An effective option would be to undergo genetic testing , presently available in Tamil Nadu. A simple test of blood sample or saliva sample will reveal if the person is genetically predisposed to specific risks of heart disease. Based on the test results, suitable remedial measures can be implemented.

Which are the main reasons of diabetes and heart disease?

The main causes of heart disease and diabetes are actually linked to each other. This is because both conditions have shared risk factors. Here is a quick look at the primary causes of both conditions:

Diabetes

  1. Genetic factors – Type 1 Diabetes is commonly attributed to genetic predisposition.   Type 2 Diabetes is also strongly influenced by genetics, and the person is at risk if close family members also have the condition.  
  2. Lifestyle – Obesity and poor diet is linked to increased risk of Type 2 diabetes.
  3. Age – Risk of Type 2 diabetes increases with age, due to reduced physical activity, loss of muscle mass, and increased insulin resistance.
  4. Insulin resistance – This is another reason, and is mostly linked to obesity, poor diet, and physically inactive status. 
  5. Gestational diabetes – Women who end up with gestational diabetes during pregnancy are more likely to have Type 2 diabetes later.
  6. Hormones – Disorders such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome may cause Type 2 diabetes.

Heart Disease

  1. Atherosclerosis – Due to high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure levels. 
  2. Lifestyle – Habits such as smoking, and poor diet are major risk factors for heart disease.
  3. Sedentary lifestyle – Causes obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels. 
  4. Alcohol – Excessive consumption increases blood pressure levels.  
  5. Obesity – This causes hypertension, high cholesterol levels and insulin resistance.
  6.  Diabetes – This increases the risk of heart disease as it aggravates atherosclerosis, inflammation, and causes high blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
  7. Genetic reasons – Family history of heart disease increases risk of developing the disease at a young age.
  8. Conditions – Such as inflammation, stress, are also risk factors that contribute to heart disease
  9. Age and Gender – Are also reasons that increase risk of heart disease.
Related Blogs :
Posted on:

The importance of screening and timely heart disease treatment

The importance of screening and timely heart disease treatment

Introduction

Sunil Shetty ranks among renown Indian celebrities famous for physical fitness. However, despite being tagged as among the fittest, Sunil Shetty underwent angioplasty in the year 2014 for a heart condition. He survived and now urges society to take prudent steps for maintaining a healthy and incident free life. Let’s have a quick look at the need for early screening to ensure better outcomes from heart disease treatment. Here are some common and effective approaches for some of the different sub-categories of heart disease.

What is ideal approach for rheumatic heart disease treatment?

This is a chronic heart condition due to rheumatic fever, usually after an untreated or improperly treated infection such as strep throat or scarlet fever.

Symptoms include the following:

  •   Difficulty breathing. 
  •   Overall weakness. 
  •   Swollen feet. 
  •   Pain in the chest.
  •   Rapid heartbeats.

Diagnosis is a combination of checking the patient’s medical history, physical examination, and certain diagnostic tests. Rheumatic heart disease treatment is focused on managing symptoms, and ensuring that that is no further heart damage. This is achieved through medications, like antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medicines, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and anticoagulants. Changes to lifestyle include dietary modifications and ensuring that strenuous activities are avoided.  Surgical procedures may involve valve repair or replacement.

What is congenital heart disease treatment and how can it be detected?

Congenital Heart Disease, as the name indicates refers to heart abnormalities in people from birth. The nature of these defects impact the structure of the heart, and causes disruption in the flow of blood through the heart. As a result, the patient ends up with insufficient oxygen circulation.  There are different types of congenital heart disease, such as:

  •    Cyanotic Heart Disease.
  •    Acyanotic Heart Disease.
  •    Obstructive Heart Disease. 

How Congenital Heart Disease can be detected?

It is important to note that congenital heart disease treatment is better with early detection. This can be diagnosed through prenatal screening, screening of infant, post-natal screening, diagnosis when symptoms are noticed and genetic testing.

Prenatal Screening includes the following tests

  •       Fetal Echocardiogram – This is an ultrasound test during pregnancy that can detect heart abnormalities in the fetus.  
  •       Ultrasound – This is a routine prenatal ultrasound to identify heart defects.  

Screening of new born infant includes the following options

  •    Pulse Oximetry – To measure the oxygen levels in blood, as low levels may be an indication of a heart defect.
  •    Physical examination – Checks for heart murmurs and signs like a bluish appearance in the skin.  

Postnatal diagnosis includes the following methods

  •       Echocardiogram – For detailed images of the structure of the heart, this will offer diagnosis of CHD in infants. 
  •       Chest X-ray – This detects structural abnormalities, mostly with the size and shape of the heart.
  •       Electrocardiogram – This detect arrhythmias by measuring electrical activity in the heart. 
  •       Cardiac MRI/CT Scan – Imaging tests for a detailed view of the heart. 
  •       Cardiac catheterization – This is an advanced procedure for detailed information about heart function and pressure in the chambers.  

Genetic testing for congenital heart disease

This is regarded as one of the most effective and early detection methods. Tests help to identify genetic mutations and syndromes related to heart defects.

  • Genetic mutations – Genetic testing helps identify risk for certain types of heart defects. For instance, atrial septal defects, and aortic valve abnormalities.
  •  Syndromes – Testing can help identify some syndromes like Down Syndrome which causes atrioventricular septal defects.  Similarly, DiGeorge Syndrome is linked to construal heart defects, while Turner Syndrome is associated with aortic coarctation.

Important information about valvular heart disease treatment

This condition is due to improper functioning of one or more of the heart’s valves that regulate blood flow. The four valves in the heart ensure that blood flows in the right direction. The types of Valvular Heart Disease include the following:

  • Valve Stenosis – Aortic Stenosis, Mitral Stenosis.
  • Valve Regurgitation – Mitral Regurgitation, Aortic Regurgitation.
  • Valve Prolapse

What are the causes of Valvular Heart Disease?

The main reasons or causes for valvular heart disease include congenital defects, Rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, degeneration with age, and other conditions. 

Common symptoms of Valvular Heart Disease

The symptoms of this condition include the following:

  •       Difficulty breathing.
  •       Overall weakness.
  •       Swollen feet.
  •       Pain the chest.
  •       Change in heartbeats.
  •       Heart murmur.

How is the valvular heart disease diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves a combination of the following:

  •       Physical Examination for heart murmurs.
  •       Echocardiogram for detailed images of the structure of the heart.
  •       Electrocardiogram to look for heart stress or damage.
  •       Chest X-ray to identify fluid in the lungs.
  •       Cardiac MRI for detailed images of the heart valves.
  •       Cardiac catheterization to assess valve function.

    Valvular heart disease treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, or surgical procedures in some instances. Medication such as diuretics, anticoagulants, beta-blockers, ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, and antiarrhythmics are part of the treatment regimen.  Changes in lifestyle include dietary, exercise regimen, quitting smoking, and weight management. Procedures include the following:

    •  Valve Repair – Balloon Valvuloplasty, Annuloplasty, Leaflet Repair.
    •  Valve Replacement – Mechanical Valves, Bioprosthetic Valves, Transcatheter Valve Replacement.
    •   Heart Valve Surgery – Open-Heart Surgery, Minimally Invasive Surgery.

Which medicine for heart disease is commonly prescribed?

The medications prescribed for heart disease depend on the type and the actual condition or stage of the disease.  Heart disease treatment through medications may include the following categories.

  • Aspirin – to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes. 
  • Statins – to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
  • ACE Inhibitors – for high blood pressure, heart failure, and post heart attacks. These medicines relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure.
  • Beta-Blockers – to treat high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure.  
  • Diuretics – to reduce fluid buildup in the body. 
  • Nitroglycerin – to relieve chest pain, also known as angina. This works by relaxing blood vessels and enhancing blood flow.
  • Warfarin – to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke.
  • Calcium Channel Blockers – to treat high blood pressure, angina, by relaxing blood vessels.
  • Digitalis to increase the strength of the heart’s contractions.
  • SGLT2 Inhibitors – for diabetes management, and heart failure.
Related Blogs :
Add to cart