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Best strategies on how to prevent heart disease

Best strategies on how to prevent heart disease

Introduction

It is possible to lower your risk of heart disease significantly, in most cases. One of the most common types of heart disease is coronary artery disease. This condition affects the flow of blood to the heart, causing a heart attack. Here are top strategies, that are basically a combination of effective methods, that show how to prevent heart disease

Introduction of heart disease

Before we look at strategies on how to prevent heart disease, here is a quick introduction to heart disease. The broad term heart disease refers to multiple conditions that affect the heart. These conditions have an impact on the structure and the functioning of the heart. It is important to note that the term cardiovascular disease has a broader category of diseases. It includes heart diseases as well as conditions that affect the blood vessels.

The common types of heart disease are as outlined below:

  1. Coronary Artery Disease – Also known as CAD, this is the most common type of heart disease. This caused due to the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries causing pain in the chest, heart attacks, and various other complications.
  2. Heart failure – This refers to a condition where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood required for the functioning of the body. This is due to CAD, high blood pressure, or diseases that affect the heart muscle.
  3. Arrhythmias – This refers to abnormal heart rhythms causing the heart to either beat irregularly, fast, or slow. Some of the common types include atrial fibrillation, tachycardia, and bradycardia.
  4. Valvular heart disease – This refers to the condition when the valves of the do not function normally. This could involve conditions such as narrowing or leaking of heart valve.
  5. Cardiomyopathy – This refers to a disease of the heart muscle making it harder for the heart to pump blood. This is primarily due to genetic factors, chronic high blood pressure, and other existing conditions.
  6. Congenital heart defects – These are abnormalities in the heart that are present from birth. These conditions affect the structure of the heart and function and typically require surgical procedures.
  7. Pericardial disease – This refers to an inflammation or infection of the pericardium, which is a sac surrounding the heart. This causes pain in the chest and other symptoms.
  8. Rheumatic heart disease – This refers to a complication of rheumatic fever, that damages the heart valves. This condition is relatively common in people in developing nations.

Commonly reported symptoms of heart disease

While the symptoms may slightly vary in type or intensity, the common symptoms of heart disease include the following:

  • Pain or discomfort in the chest, known as angina.
  • Difficulty breathing.
  • Overall weakness.
  • Irregular heartbeats.
  • Swelling in the feet.
  • Feeling dizzy

Top four strategies for heart disease prevention

The approach to prevent heart disease is a combination of different steps and these four steps show how to prevent heart disease, along with other methods.

  1. Diet

You need to ensure a well-rounded diet, comprising whole grains, lean protein, fruits, and vegetables. One of the most important criteria is low-fat dairy, and intake of foods high in fiber and low in saturated fats, trans fats and cholesterol. Keep away from salt and sugar to bring down blood pressure and blood sugar levels. 

  1. Weight management

The risk of heart disease is higher in obese and overweight people. As a result of the extra weight, there is increased stress on the blood vessels and the heart. Manage your weight through the right approach.

  1. Avoid sedentary lifestyle

A physically active lifestyle can lower blood pressure, cholesterol, and keep body weight under control. This will also improve energy and control stress. Ensure that you have half an hour of exercise daily, through moderate activity. This could be running, walking, aerobics dance etc. 

  1. Control cholesterol levels

Periodic screening for cholesterol levels is necessary. This is especially important for people with a family history of cholesterol, who will require more frequent checks. Lifestyle, medications and dietary modifications may be necessary for controlling cholesterol levels.

How to avoid heart disease?

The next four steps on how to prevent heart disease will help you reach your goals and reduce your risk of heart disease.

  1. Control blood pressure levels

One of the major factors for heart disease is your blood pressure levels. Periodically check for high blood pressure and other factors that are a risk for heart disease. Hypertension, is known as a silent killer as it typically does not present symptoms initially. You will experience symptoms only when the condition has progressed considerably. You may need to cut down on sodium intake, rely on medicines and make dietary changes to reduce blood pressure.

  1. Manage diabetes

Periodically check blood sugar levels to manage your diabetes. You may require dietary and lifestyle modifications apart from medications to control your blood sugar levels. By managing diabetes, you can prevent risk of heart disease.

  1. Cease smoking and control alcohol

You have to stop smoking, to avoid risk of heart disease. There is no option of reducing tobacco intake through any means; and only a complete cessation can help.  You will have to ensure that you take alcohol in moderation only. Women are to limit alcohol to one drink per day and men are to keep it at two drinks per day.

  1. Screening

One of the most important factors of how to prevent heart disease is regular screenings. This includes blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels. This has to be carried out diligently, at periodic intervals, after the age of 40. Depending on the changes in the values, suitable action is to be taken.

Is it true that heart disease prediction is possible?

Yes, it is true that heart disease can be predicted and this offers early information on how to prevent heart disease. This is achieved through traditional risk assessment, diagnostic tools and through genetic testing. For instance, your medica history, age, gender, lifestyle and family history will offer a broad idea. Diagnostics like blood tests and imaging tests can give a better understanding of risk levels.

Genetic testing through blood samples or saliva samples can help reveal genetic risks of heart disease. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamil Nadu offer people a comprehensive analysis of future or lifetime risk of heart disease from genetic reasons. This could be congenital or inherited conditions that can put you at risk. Early detection offers better outcomes.

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How to deal with future risk of heart disease?

How to deal with future risk of heart disease?

Introduction

Four out of ten deaths of people between the ages of 40 and 69 in India are due to cardiovascular diseases. This is a clear indication of the serious nature and the need to tackle heart disease with the right approach. Despite the statistics and the information available, a significant percentage of people in India are unaware of how to identify CVD, the role of genetics and the available treatments. Here is a good look at how you can reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease

How to identify and treat ischemic heart disease?

Most people are probably unaware of this fact about a major risks. Ischemic risk is also known as coronary artery disease or coronary heart disorder. This refers to reduction in flow of blood to the heart muscle, arising from narrowed or blocked arteries. It is possible to identify the condition and manage it through a combination of diagnosis and interventions

Most people are probably unaware of this fact about a major risk. Ischemic heart disorderis also known as coronary artery disease or coronary heart sickness. This refers to reduction in flow of blood to the heart muscle, arising from narrowed or blocked arteries. It is possible to identify the condition and manage it through a combination of diagnosis and interventions.   

How to identify ischemic heart disease?

You can identify the conditions through symptoms and diagnostic tests. For instance, the symptoms include:

  •  Pain in the chest or some kind of discomfort, like a feeling of pressure, or squeezing sensation. This often radiates or extends to the arms, neck, shoulder, or back, and is commonly known as angina.  
  • Difficulty breathing during physical activity.
  •  Abnormal overall tiredness, when indulging in physical activities.
  • Heartbeats that are either irregular or unusually fast.
  • Faint of dizzy feelings experienced during physical activity.  
  • Feelings of nausea, sweating, that may be experienced along with chest pain.

Diagnosis includes the following:

  • Electrocardiogram. 
  • Stress tests. 
  • Echocardiogram. 
  • Cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography. 
  • Blood tests. 
  • CT coronary angiography. 
  • Nuclear stress test. 

Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, complete cessation of smoking, changes in diet, weight control, reduction of stress, medications and procedures wherever necessary.

What is congenital heart disease and how can I detect it?

Birth defects such as structural abnormalities are known congenital heart disease. These changes in the structure affect the heart in many ways. For instance, it could have an impact on the walls of the heart, or valves, or blood vessels. This could, in turn affect the flow of blood through the heart, resulting in possible complications that develop over a period of time. There are many types of congenital heart disease, including

  • Septal defects – These are holes that form in the wall between the chambers of the heart.  
  • Valvular defects – These are issues in the heart valves that are responsible for flow of blood.
  • Cyanotic defects – These refer to low levels of oxygen in the blood, that cause the skin to appear with a bluish tint.   
  • Tetralogy of fallot – This refers to improper formation of the new-born’s heart during pregnancy. 
  • Obstructive defects – This causes blockages in the flow of blood.  
  • Coarctation of the aorta – This is due to narrowing of the main artery.
  • Complex defects – This refers to a combination of various issues and abnormalities.  

How Its detected?

Detection of congenital its possible at birth or also at some point, later in life. This entirely depends on the severity of the defect and manifestation of symptoms. Prenatal detection involves use of ultrasound, fetal echocardiography. Postnatal detection involves physical examination, use of pulse oximetry, chest X-ray, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, cardiac MRI/CT and cardiac catheterization.  

Common symptoms of congenital heart disease

This may differ, depending on the type of defect and its severity. Common signs of congenital heart disease include:

  •   Bluish appearance in the skin, the lips, and nails of fingers.
  •   Difficulty breathing, especially during feeding.
  •   Poor growth.  
  •   Abnormal overall tiredness, especially while feeding or during physical activity.
  •   Profuse sweating, especially while feeding.
  •   Abnormal murmur in the heart, when monitored through a stethoscope.
  •   Unusual, unexplained swelling in the legs, abdomen.

What are the symptoms of coronary heart disease?

This heart disease condition is known to develop over many years, and is due to reduced flow of blood to the heart. This is caused by buildup of plaque, fat, cholesterol in the artery walls, causing atherosclerosis, resulting in coronary artery disease.  Symptoms include the following: 

Pain in the chest, known as angina. The pain is experienced as some kind of squeezing, or pressure or tight sensation in the chest. The pain is typically experienced either in the middle or the left side of the chest, while in women it is experienced in the neck, arm or back.

Difficulty breathing, and you may feel like you are unable to breathe normally. 

 You may experience overall tiredness, as your heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of your body.  

  • Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or sometimes the upper belly.
  • Breaking Out into a cold sweat.  
  • Heartburn, and possible feelings of nausea.
  • Lightheaded feeling or sudden dizzy feeling.

In most people, the symptoms are not noticed initially, but are experienced only when the coronary arteries continue to progressively narrow.

Is valvular heart disease a serious condition?

Valvular heart disease can develop into a serious condition, and this depends on the type and severity of the issue with the valve. These valves are responsible for ensuring proper flow of blood through the heart’s chambers. People with the condition end up with wrongly functioning valves causing multiple health issues.

Different types of Valvular Heart Disease include:

  • Stenosis- A condition wherein the opening of the valve narrows, reducing blood flow.
  • Regurgitation – A condition where the valve does not close, causing blood flow backward.
  • Prolapse – In this condition, the valve bulges back into the chamber. 
  • Left untreated, valvular heart disease may result in severe shortness of breath, pain in the chest, and possible swelling and fainting. This could progress to serious issues like heart failure, or sudden cardiac arrest.

Common symptoms include the following:

  • Difficulty breathing.  
  • Abnormal tiredness. 
  • Pain in the chest. 
  •  Irregular or fast paced heartbeats.
  • Swelling in the feet.

Can congenital heart disease be diagnosed?

Yes, congenital heart disease can be diagnosed through genetic testing. Advanced testing facilities are presently available in Tamil Nadu, permitting users to test for genetic components of heart diseases. A simple sample of blood or saliva is all that is required for comprehensive genetic testing that will reveal if you are predisposed to conditions. This could be due to congenital defects, or could be from genetically inherited conditions. Based on the assessment, you can opt for treatments to reduce your future or lifetime risk of heart diseases

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Life Saving Tips on how to stop Heart Attack

Life Saving Tips on how to stop Heart Attack

Introduction

Most people read a lot about a heart attack, and how to prevent it through a holistic approach. However, when someone actually has a heart attack, panic sets in, without any sense of direction or the right approach. Here are effective tips on how to stop heart attack after you have recognized the symptoms in someone.

How to stop a heart attack in 30 seconds?

The only way to stop a heart attack in 30 seconds is emergency medical treatment. However, if you have recognized the symptoms, and if you are in a position to extend the right support, your help matters. You can help ensure that the person receives emergency medical support, and till the time help arrives, you can initiate some actions. Here is how to stop heart attack with the right measures, after correctly reading the symptoms.

Why time is of utmost importance?

When a person has a heart attack, there is an urgent need for swift actions.  This is because a heart attack is due to lack of blood flow to the heart. This lack of blood flow starts a process of damage to the heart muscle, and the heart muscle begins to die due to the cut off supply of oxygen. Before you read more on how to stop heart attack, it is necessary to note that the whole medical intervention after a heart attack is to restore this blood flow as quickly as possible.

If you are unsuccessful in restoring blood supply, the heart attack can cause permanent heart damage or could also result in death. It would be difficult to reverse any damage that has occurred. By taking the right actions quickly, you can minimize the extent and type of damage.

How to stop heart attack if you see signs of it in someone?

The first step is to request for medical assistance. All other actions need to be taken up only after ensuring that someone has made a proper request for medical help. This will increase the chances of survival and will also cause lesser damage to the heart. Here are other actions that you can take:

  1. You can drive the person to the hospital if it is going to take some time for assistance to arrive. You can also try to reach them midway to shorten the time taken.
  2. If you are the one having a heart attack, do not drive yourself even if you are feeling fine.
  3. If the patient has been prescribed medications in the event of such foreseen incidents, take the same immediately. For instance, this could be nitroglycerin or aspirin.
  4. Perform CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) on the patient. This is to be performed only if you are aware of it. Do not exercise too much of pressure that may cause other complications.

What happens if one is not sure if it is a heart attack?

As some of the symptoms of a heart attack are similar to that of other conditions or reasons, there is every possibility of some confusion. However, since timely action is the most important, it is necessary to act fast. Seeking medical attention even if in doubt is an important approach on how to stop heart attack. This will rule out or confirm apprehensions of a heart attack.

If the person has been prescribed medications such as nitroglycerin, or aspirin for such eventualities administer the same. The dosage of aspirin is usually 325 mg, and this helps to prevent the blood from clotting. This will help reduce damage to the heart if there has been a heart attack. 

Nitroglycerin is a prescription medication and is to be taken only if recommended. CPR can be started on the patient if a pulse is missing or if the person is not breathing. People who are not fully trained in CPR can try hands-only CPR. This refers to pushing hard and fast on the chest for around 100 to 120 times a minute. People who are fully trained in CPR can give 30 chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths.

Another option is to use an automated external defibrillator (AED). This is used if the person is unconscious. This is only used by trained paramedics and is not to be used by people who are not trained or permitted to use one. This delivers shocks and helps to reset the rhythm of the heart. Though AEDs are available with voice instructions, it is best to rely on experts.

How to stop a heart attack immediately at home?

As mentioned earlier, medicines will only help to reduce the damage to the heart muscle. Only emergency medical intervention will stop a heart attack. You could give the patient the following medicines:

  • Aspirin – This is an antiplatelet to prevent blood clots. This is to be given if the person is not allergic.
  • Nitroglycerin – This belongs to the category of vasodilators to relax blood vessels and increase flow of blood to the heart.  
  • Beta blockers – These are used to slow down heart rate and reduce the force of cardiac contractions. This also helps increase blood flow to the heart and reduce blood pressure.
  • ACE inhibitors – This increases flow of blood by dilating arteries and reducing blood pressure.
  • Heparin – This reduces the possibility of blood clots and is given either intravenously or by injection beneath the skin.

How to prevent a heart attack or reduce risk of one in the future?

  1. While it is a good idea to learn how to stop heart attack, it is more important to prevent a heart attack. You can prevent a heart attack or mitigate the effects of one by assessing your future or lifetime risk of a heart attack. This is best achieved by:
  2. Undergoing clinical tests to check for hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol. Blood samples taken in laboratories help to unearth your risk of heart attack due to existing conditions. Borderline values can give you early warnings that can be easily remedied to reduce risk.
  3. Undergoing genetic tests to look for genetic mutations or inherited genetic conditions that put you at risk of a heart attack. Genetic testing facilities in Tamil Nadu are presently available to help determine future risk of a heart attack due to genetic reasons. Simple saliva samples are all that are required for a comprehensive test.
  4. Assessing lifestyle risks such as diet, smoking, drinking and stress.

Medically Reviewed by

Dr. Rajasekar Cardiologist

Dr. Rajasekar is a cardiologist in Chennai, with extensive experience in the field. He completed his MBBS from Madurai Kamaraj University, followed by an MD in General Medicine and a DM in Cardiology from The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University (TNMGRMU).

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Timeline for Recognizing Heart Attack Signs: What you need to know?

Timeline for Recognizing Heart Attack Signs: What you need to know?

Introduction

Sushmita Sen, the title holder of the 1994 Miss Universe beauty pageant, had a heart attack in 2023. She was working out at home when she experienced chest pain and some unease. The persistent pain and the lightheaded feeling along with shortness of breath made her understand that something was wrong. She sought medical attention and diagnostics revealed that she had suffered a heart attack, due to a blockage.  She was saved because of her ability in recognizing heart attack signs: What you need to know is that an angioplasty was performed to remove the blockage.

What are signs of heart attack?

There are many signs that can help you understand if you are having a heart attack. However, for some people, a silent heart attack may not present the same strong symptoms. The best option is to undergo tests periodically and reduce your risk of a heart attack. Sushmita Sen acted swiftly by recognizing heart attack signs: What you need to know is that she underwent a procedure to insert a stent for unrestricted blood flow to the heart.

Signs of a heart attack typically experienced can be broadly classified into five different types for ease of understanding.

  1. You may experience common signs such as chest pain, discomfort in the arms, and difficulty breathing.
  2. Females may have milder symptoms of a heart attack, with some atypical symptoms. This includes experiencing disturbances while asleep, feelings of nausea, and abnormal fatigue.
  3. Elderly people diagnosed with certain conditions like diabetes or hypertension may have different symptoms. 
  4. Most people wrongly assume that heart attack will trigger symptoms only in the chest. However, it is to be remembered that a heart attack may have an impact on not only the heart, but the whole body.
  5. Silent heart attacks present subtle symptoms, that are often mistaken as other conditions. Elderly patients may also have silent heart attacks.

What are the common signs of a heart attack?

To start recognizing heart attack signs: What you need to know is the following. These are typical symptoms that will help in taking further action to either confirm or rule out a heart attack.

  • Pain in the chest pain – This is by far, the most commonly reported symptom – pain or some unease in the middle of the chest or on the left side. This pain may be experienced like a feeling of fullness or severe squeezing. The area may feel like it is under extreme pressure. Sharp pain is experienced in only a lesser number of patients.
  • Shortness of breath – Difficulty breathing is almost always experienced along with chest pain. In some instances, you may also experience this before discomfort in the chest.
  • Pain in the upper body – Some pain or discomfort may be experienced in either of the arms or both arms. Usually, the pain is experienced on the left arm, and this radiates or spreads to the shoulders. As part of recognizing heart attack signs: What you need to know is that this pain is distinct. You will not experience more pain when you move your arm or arms, unlike pain due to arthritis or muscle pain. This pain may also be experienced in the neck, the jaw, or the upper back.
  • Lightheadedness – Another symptom is a distinct faint feeling, or overall weakness.

What are the signs of a heart attack in women?

Females experience a different set of heart attack symptoms and these are often mistaken as symptoms of other problems.  Common heart attack symptoms experienced by females either with chest pain or without chest pain, include the following:

  • Sudden overall weakness. 
  • Severe difficulty in breathing.
  • Feelings of nausea, or indigestion. 
  • Abnormal, unexplained body pain.
  • An overall sick feeling. 
  • Some unease in the upper part of the body or the back.

What are the signs of a heart attack in elderly people adults?

For clearly recognizing heart attack signs: What you need to know is that elderly people above the age of 65 years may experience silent heart attacks. Some of them may experience heart attacks that have uncommon symptoms. This age group is more prone to the risk of a heart attack, stroke, or some heart disease. One of the reasons for different symptoms is that elderly people end up with diabetes or high blood pressure. 

Is there a timeline of symptoms that may be experience before a heart attack?

In some cases, there is a possibility of the person experiencing some symptoms before a heart attack. This could be minutes, hours or days before a heart attack. Here is how you may sometimes experience symptoms before a heart attack. 

  • Hours or days prior to the actual heart attack

You may experience overall and unexplained tiredness, and this is reportedly higher among women. You may begin to experience disturbances when sleeping, or your sleep patterns may change without any reason. Difficulty breathing is also another early symptom, that may be felt even with less exertion or during rest. You may experience some mild pain or unease in the chest intermittently.

  • Minutes or hours prior to the heart attack

You may experience pain in the chest that lasts for a few minutes, and could return again. This pain is more like pressure, or a squeezing sensation, or a full feeling.  Similarly, you may experience pain in the upper body, such as the arms, the back, the neck, jaw, or stomach. Before unease in the chest, you may find it difficult to breathe, or you could experience this along with chest discomfort. You may break out into a cold sweat, feel sick, or feel like vomiting. A lightheaded or dizzy feeling may also be experienced.

What are the symptoms during a heart attack?

Now that you have a fair idea for recognizing heart attack signs: What you need to know is the symptoms experienced during a heart attack. You may feel the following if you are having a heart attack:

  • Extreme pain in the chest – This may extend to the arms, the neck, jaw, or back.
  • Extremely difficulty to breathe – This may cause panic. 
  • Changes in heart beat rate – Your heart may start beating rapidly or have irregular beats.
  • Losing consciousness – Another symptom is the patient fainting.

Are there any symptoms experienced after a heart attack?

After a heart attack, some of the symptoms may persist. For instance, chest pain and difficulty in breathing may continue after the heart attack. Similarly, overall tiredness or weakness will remain after the heart attack.

How do I check for risk of heart attack?

You can check for risk of a heart attack through periodic clinical tests to look for blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes etc. Another important aspect is the genetic component of a heart attack. One of the reasons for heart attack is congenital heart defects and a family history of heart attacks. A genetic test will help determine if you have any genetic mutations by birth or if it runs in the family. These genetic tests, presently available in Tamil Nadu, help to assess your future or lifetime risk of a heart attack. With this information, you can seek remedial measures to reduce the risk of a heart attack.

Medically Reviewed by

Dr.Rajasekar Cardiologist

Dr. Rajasekar is a cardiologist in Chennai, with extensive experience in the field. He completed his MBBS from Madurai Kamaraj University, followed by an MD in General Medicine and a DM in Cardiology from The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University (TNMGRMU).

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Save lives by Understanding Silent Signs of a Heart Attack

Save lives by Understanding Silent Signs of a Heart Attack

Introduction

Almost half of all heart attacks have symptoms that are known as silent heart attacks. This refers to a heart attack that occurs with mild symptoms or symptoms that you may not generally link to a heart attack. Here is a detailed look at understanding silent signs of a heart attack; this will help you save lives or could help you seek timely treatment.

What are the sign of heart attack? How is a silent heart attack different?

The signs or the symptoms of a heart attack may be different for different categories of people. However, there are some symptoms that are regarded as tell-tale or common. Some of the symptoms are mild in people, while the same symptoms may be intense in others.  Symptoms that are regarded as common include the following:

  • Chest pain experienced like some kind of pressure or tightness in the chest. There could be pain that is felt like a squeezing sensation. 
  • This pain may also extend or radiate to the shoulder, the arms, and the back. For some people, this may be experienced in the neck, the jaw, or even the abdomen.
  • You may break out into a cold sweat, which is unlike normal sweating. For instance, a cold sweat is clammy and may be due to fear, stress or a medical condition. Normal sweating is warm, moist and due to exertion, heat. 
  • Overall tiredness, without any exertion, or even with mild exertion.
  • Indigestion or heartburn is also regarded as a symptom of heart attack.
  • A sudden lightheaded feeling or dizzy feeling could also be an indication of a heart attack.
  • Feelings of nausea may also be felt when you have a heart attack.
  • You may experience difficulty breathing.

There are certain differences that you need to be aware for better understanding silent signs of a heart attack. For instance, some heart attacks occur suddenly, whereas in other instances, people experience some kind of warning signs or symptoms. This may be felt much before an actual heart attack, like hours, or days or weeks prior to an attack.

One of the typical markers or indications of an impending heart attack could be some kind of chest pain that does not resolve with rest. This could also be felt as pressure on the heart and is known as angina. This is due to a temporary reduction in the flow of blood to the heart.

As part of understanding silent signs of a heart attack, here are the symptoms. A silent heart attack is known to be more dangerous as the symptoms may deceive you into believing that they are something else. The cause of a silent heart attack is the same as that of one with normal symptoms. The intensity or the nature of symptoms are the only difference. A silent heart attack is not to be mistaken or misunderstood as a mild heart attack. The subtle symptoms of a silent heart attack include the following:

  • Difficulty breathing.
  • Sudden weakness or overall tiredness.
  • An overall sense of unease or feeling of discomfort.
  • Sweating that is typically known as cold sweat.
  • Overcome by feelings of nausea or vomiting.
  • Abnormal lightheaded feeling or dizzy feelings.
  • A feeling of mild pain either in the throat or the chest.
  • Mild pain experienced in the arms or the back, and often mistaken as due to a sprain muscle pull.

What are 3 warning signs of a heart attack in females?

A few sex-specific symptoms are discernible, while most of the other symptoms are similar. One of the most common symptoms of heart attack is chest pain. The difference in this symptom between men and women is the manner in which it is experienced. Both men and women feel some type of chest pain, pressure or discomfort lasting more than a few minutes or it could be intermittent. However, for women this is slightly different – it is felt more like pressure or a tight sensation.

As part of understanding silent signs of a heart attack it is important to bear in mind, that women may sometimes have a heart attack without any chest pain. It is therefore wrong to keep that as the main way of confirming or ruling out a heart attack.

Women may have other symptoms that are not typically linked to pain in the chest. For instance, there could be discomfort experienced in the neck, in the jaw or shoulder. This could also be experienced in the upper back or the abdomen. Another symptom that could be felt is difficulty breathing without any physical exertion or even with mild exertion.

Symptoms like pain in either of the arms or in both the arms and possible feelings of nausea are other symptoms. Women may experience indigestion and heartburn and this could also be considered as a reason for further assessment.

One of the main issues in understanding silent signs of a heart attack in women is that most symptoms are not as noticeable. For instance, you may have heard that crushing chest pain is experienced during a heart attack.  However, women may not experience this crushing pain. This mainly because the blockages could be in the smaller arteries and not the main arteries. As a result, the pain is experienced differently.

One important warning sign or distinction is that more women usually have symptoms when resting, or when asleep, compared to men.  Due to the difference in the symptoms, there is a possibility of misdiagnosis or wrong diagnosis in women. It is therefore important to be cautious and aware of such symptoms and tell tale signs.

What are the signs of a silent heart attack in a woman?

When women have a silent heart attack, there is every likelihood that it could be mistaken as some other condition. For instance, a silent heart attack can exhibit symptoms similar like that of the flu. You are also likely to feel that some muscle in the back or your chest is sore. This makes it important for better understanding silent signs of a heart attack.

Other possible symptoms that could be mistaken include some abnormal pain in the jaw, the arms or upper back. Overall tiredness with no plausible reason and indigestion are other symptoms of a silent heart attack. Most people tend to believe that a silent heart attack is not serious and that it is a mild type of heart attack. However, that is a wrong assumption, as a silent heart attack can be as deadly or serious as one with typical symptoms.

Timeline of early indications of a heart attack

Impending signs of a heart attack can help you seek timely medical assistance. For instance, there could be certain indications minutes, days or weeks before a heart attack. This could help you in understanding silent signs of a heart attack. However, it is very important to note that this is only a possibility, and not the rule. Some people may get some impending signs of a heart attack, while some may not. Here is a timeline of some of the possible signs that some people may experience before an actual attack.

Weeks or Days Prior to a Heart Attack:

  • There is a possibility of experiencing overall tiredness without any reason, days or weeks before a heart attack. You may feel tired without any reasons, or without any physical exertion or inadequate sleep.
  • You may experience some unexplained discomfort or unease in the chest, your back, or arms. This could be discomfort that is not persistent, but something that is experienced in phases. You may feel this for a short while, it may resolve naturally, only to return again. 
  • Another indication of an impending heart attack is difficulty breathing even when you are carrying out normal activities. Sometimes you may also feel it difficult to breathe while at rest. If there are no external factors or environmental reasons for such a sensation, it could also be an indication of a medical condition.

Minutes or Hours Prior to a Heart Attack:

  • An abnormal feeling of pressure, or a tightening sensation in the chest could also be a symptom, minutes or hours before an attack. This would most likely be experienced right in the center of the chest. This typically lasts for a few minutes, resolves and then returns. Some people experience this as some kind of a squeezing sensation. 
  • Any discomfort or pain that radiates to the shoulders, the arms, or back is also an indication. This could also extend to the neck, the jaw, or the stomach. It is necessary to note that pain or discomfort is felt like it is spreading towards these parts of the body.
  • Cold sweat is an indication of some underlying medical condition. This includes the possibility of a heart attack. Cold sweat is due to an internal factor, whereas warm and moist sweat is due to actions or external factors. 
  • Feelings of nausea or a sudden dizzy and lightheaded feeling could also help in identifying or understanding silent signs of a heart attack.
  • When chest pain is accompanied by increased difficulty in breathing, it could also indicate that a heart attack is impending. A heart attack may not be the only reason for such symptoms, but is also one of the reasons for such symptoms. The best option is to seek attention to rule out or confirm a heart attack.

The earl indications of a heart attack are mostly subtle in nature, especially if the person is about to have a silent heart attack. It is important to be forearmed and forewarned of any future possibility of a heart attack.

How does one know of possible future or lifetime risks of a heart attack or silent attack?

To a certain extent it is possible to be able to understand future or lifetime risk of a heart attack or a silent heart attack. Everything narrows down to the causes of a heart attack. An understanding of the reasons will help in assessing future or lifetime risk of heart attack. Primarily, these are the reasons for a heart attack:

  • High blood pressure.
  • High cholesterol.
  • Coronary artery disease.
  • Smoking, lifestyle, alcohol, obesity.
  • Diabetes.
  • Stress.
  • Family history.
  • Congenital heart disease.
  • Underlying health conditions.
  • Aging.

By learning if you are at risk of these conditions, you will have increased understanding silent signs of a heart attack. There are three different ways in which you can determine if you are risk of these conditions.

  1. Clinical tests – Blood tests, ApoB tests, imaging tests help to determine if you are risk of hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol and other risks.
  2. Genetic testing – These tests help to determine if you have any genetic mutations, or if you have any inherited conditions that put you at risk of heart attack.
  3. Assessing lifestyle – This will help you understand if your diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking or drinking may cause risk of heart disease.

By assessing these risks, you will have some form of prediction about future or lifetime risk of heart attack. Based on this risk, you can then make necessary changes to your diet, lifestyle, and also turn to medications to reduce or mitigate the risk.

Are genetic testing facilities available in Tamilnadu to check for risk of heart attack?

Yes, advanced genetic testing facilities are available in Tamilnadu, to help determine risk of heart attack. This is basically a simple procedure, where a sample of your saliva or blood is used to look for the genetic component of risk of heart attack. This gives a clear risk score, that can then be used along with the results of clinical tests to understand the whole risk. Corrective or remedial measures can considerably reduce future or lifetime risk of heart attacks. There are multiple examples of people fighting and winning over the risk of a heart attack.

Medically Reviewed by

Dr.Rajasekar Cardiologist

Dr. Rajasekar is a cardiologist in Chennai, with extensive experience in the field. He completed his MBBS from Madurai Kamaraj University, followed by an MD in General Medicine and a DM in Cardiology from The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University (TNMGRMU).

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Standard Diagnosis And Cardiovascular Test For Disease

Heart Attack

Introduction

Every fourth death in India is due to cardiovascular diseases. This statistic is even more alarming considering that this development began after the year 1990. From 1990, the number of cases has more than doubled, and an early onset of the disease is now affecting younger people. This makes it all the more important for early Cardiovascular Test for cardiovascular diseases. Here are details on how you can do that easily.

What are the tests for cardiovascular disease diagnosis?

Various tests are presently available as part of diagnosis and testing for cardiovascular disease. The most common approach includes a clear understanding of family history apart from the following tests:

  •       Blood tests.
  •       Chest X-ray
  •       Electrocardiogram.
  •       Holter monitoring.
  •       Echocardiogram.
  •       Stress tests.
  •       Cardiac catheterization.
  •       Heart CT scan.
  •       Heart MRI scan.  

What are the preventive or screening Cardiovascular Test for disease?

While diagnosis and testing is as listed above, the main screening for cardiovascular disease includes the following:

  1. Blood pressure – This is considered as a mandatory test, as high blood pressure may not present symptoms normally. The best option is to undergo tests to screen. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mm Hg, and you need to check this yearly. When the values are higher, you will need to control it through medication and lifestyle modifications. 
  2. Cholesterol – This is checked through blood tests that check your total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Based on the results it is possible to roughly estimate your future risk of cardiovascular disease.
  3. Weight/obesity – Your waist circumference and/or body weight helps to measure body mass index. Obesity increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
  4.  Blood glucose –Untreated diabetes can indirectly cause heart disease and stroke.
  5.  Lifestyle – If you happen to be a smoker, if you are physically inactive, or if you follow a poor diet, you are at risk.
  • Blood pressure level is considered normal if it is below 120/80 mm Hg.
  • The normal cholesterol levels for adults are as given below:
  • Total cholesterol for adults is considered normal if it is less than 200 mg/dL. If it is between 200–239 mg/dL it is borderline high, and above 240 mg/dL is considered high.
  • LDL cholesterol is considered as normal if it is less than 100 mg/dL. If it is between 100–129 mg/dL it is borderline, and between 130–159 mg/dL is labelled as borderline high. Levels between 160–189 mg/dL are high, and above 190 mg/dL are very high. 
  • HDL cholesterol is considered best when it is 60 mg/dL or more. When the levels are below 40 mg/dL it is considered as poor (in this context it is bad).
  • Normal triglyceride level is below 150 mg/dL.
  • Normal body mass index (BMI) for adults is between 18.5 to 24.9. Levels between 25 and 29.9 are regarded as overweight, levels between 30 and 39.9 are considered as obesity. When the levels are above 40, it is regarded as severe obesity. 
  • Fasting blood glucose levels between 70–99 mg/dL are considered as normal. Levels between 100–125 mg/dL is regarded as prediabetes, and above 126 mg/dL is diagnosed as diabetes.

What is the best approach to test for cardiovascular disease?

The best approach to diagnosis and testing would be to undergo tests and assessment for modifiable risk factors as well as non-modifiable risk factors. For instance, by checking for blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes you can work on reducing the effects. You can bring about changes in lifestyle and also rely on medications to mitigate the effects.

There are other factors that pose a risk of heart attack or other cardiovascular diseases. This is the genetic component – such as an inherited condition or some genetic mutation. By undergoing genetic tests, you can uncover these risks and work towards mitigating them. The tests, presently available in Tamilnadu, involve analyzing your saliva or blood sample. This looks for genetic mutations or changes that could predispose you to certain conditions.

Based on the genetic test reports, your cardiologist will recommend lifestyle changes, and medications, wherever necessary. This will considerably reduce your future or lifetime risk of heart attack. Therefore, the best approach is to check for all possible risk factors of cardiovascular disease and take appropriate remedial measures.

What are the traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Multiple factors are considered as traditional risks for cardiovascular disease. The most common among these include the following:

  • High blood pressure – Cardiovascular Test is medically labelled as a silent killer, as it develops undetected for a significant percentage of people. The warning signs are usually detected after the condition has progressed to an advanced stage. This makes it essential to periodically opt for diagnosis and testing to check for the condition.
  • Overweight – Obesity will indirectly cause cardiovascular diseases, when left untreated. The numbers clearly explain this – 8 out of ten people who have CVD are either overweight or obese.
  • Diabetes – People with diabetes may end up with CVD at some point, if the condition is left untreated. This is because diabetes may cause (i) nerve damage and (ii) damage to blood vessels resulting in build up of fatty deposits.
  • Smoking – Multiple effects are attributed to smoking. For instance, smoking reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, casing damage to tissues. Similarly, fibrinogen levels increase due to smoking, which contribute to increased blood clotting factors. Another effect is damage to blood vessels, that result in build-up of plaque, eventually resulting in atherosclerosis.
  • High cholesterol levels – This causes build-up of fatty deposits in the blood, and this eventually results in atherosclerosis.
  • Alcohol – Consumption of alcohol can cause an increase in blood pressure levels, and also weaken heart muscles. Additionally, drinking also brings about oxidization of LDL cholesterol, resulting in the formation of blockages.
  • Stress – This causes release of excessive hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol that will cause an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Stress is also responsible for increased inflammation, and blood clotting, that increase the possibility of stroke.

    Medically Reviewed by

    Dr. Rajasekar Cardiologist

    Dr. Rajasekar is a cardiologist in Chennai, with extensive experience in the field. He completed his MBBS from Madurai Kamaraj University, followed by an MD in General Medicine and a DM in Cardiology from The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University (TNMGRMU)

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Modifiable, Non-modifiable Factors And Prevention Of Heart Attack Risks

Modifiable, Non-modifiable Factors And Prevention Of Heart Attack Risks

Introduction

There are major modifiable risk factors that affect the certainty of a heart attack in people. Similarly, there are non-modifiable risk factors that also contribute to the certainty of a heart attack. Let’s understand what modifiable and non-modifiable Heart Attack Risks. This will also show how you can work out the best options to reduce your future risk of a heart attack.

What are cardiovascular heart attact risks factors?

The risk factors for cardiovascular disease are broadly divided into modifiable risk factors and non-modifiable risk factors. Details about these two categories follow in subsequent sections. The overall risk factors and prevention belonging to both categories include the following:

  • People who are addicted to smoking are at high risk of ending up with cardiovascular diseases.
  •  If your lifestyle is sedentary and you do not have adequate exercise, that could also be a risk factor. This happens by gradually developing into conditions that contribute to heart disease risk.
  •  Poor diet is a contributing factor as this either aggravates some conditions, or could cause some conditions that contribute to heart attack risk. For example, your diet may slowly lead to diabetes, high cholesterol or hypertension, and these are all conditions that contribute to cardiovascular disease risk.
  •  If you are overweight, this could be a reason for developing certain conditions like cholesterol or diabetes or hypertension. This will then contribute to heart attack risk.
  •  High blood pressure or hypertension is one of the leading causes for many conditions. Cardiovascular disease risk is high if your blood pressure is not contained or controlled.
  • Cholesterol is a leading cause for cardiovascular diseases. If you have high LDL or low HDL cholesterol levels, this could result in possible blockages in the arteries. This is part of risk factors and prevention is crucial.
  • Family history is also a contributing factor for cardiovascular disease risk. Certain inherited conditions, can increase your risk of heart disease or other cardiovascular disease.
  •  Congenital conditions are a reason for cardiovascular disease. If you are born with certain genetic mutations or changes, this may put you at risk of cardiovascular diseases.
  •  Advancing age is another contributing factor for cardiovascular disease.

What are the modifiable heart attact risk factors of cardiovascular disease?

Modifiable risk factors refer to conditions that can be changed to reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease. This change could vary depending on the factor and could impact accordingly. For instance, your weight is a contributing factor to cardiovascular disease and this can be changed by reducing your risk. Similarly, conditions like high cholesterol levels, hypertension, smoking are also risk factors and prevention is vital.

Sedentary lifestyle, smoking and drinking are also modifiable risk factors. By making specific changes, you can considerably reduce the risk from these factors. The highlight of thee changes is the fact that heart attack or some cardiovascular diseases are due to a combination of multiple factors. By reducing the risks from these reasons, the overall risk will greatly reduce.

Following risk factors can be controlled to prevent the development of cardiovascular disease

You can significantly reduce your risk of heart attack by tackling controllable risk factors, after a proper screening. Controllable risk factors of heart disease include the following:

  • Check and modify your diet – One of the best health benefits is the right diet. Consume less red meat and fatty foods, and ensure that better intake of vegetables, fish, chicken. Choose non-animal protein sources to reduce your risk of specific conditions.
  • When your diet contains too much of fat, this causes fatty deposits in your arteries. Over a period of time, this hardens and results in blockages. Choose a plant-based, diet that is low in fat to tackle possible chronic conditions.
  • High blood pressure – This can cause damage to your arteries, exposing you to risk of heart disease. Periodically check your blood pressure and follow recommendations apart from prescribed medications.
  • Cholesterol – This needs to be checked and treated on time. Left untreated, this slowly develops into one of the serious risk factors and prevention could save you from cardiovascular disease. Treatment c=includes lifestyle changes, medications, and dietary changes, explained in point 1 above.
  • Smoking and drinking – These are factors that contribute to heart disease. The best option is to fully stop smoking and drinking. Smoking is a reason for multiple conditions, including build-up of fatty substances in arteries, causing atherosclerosis.  Drinking is another contributing factor for heart disease. While complete cessation is the best approach, for some people it may be challenging.
  • Obesity is known to be a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This is because obesity will increase your blood triglyceride, cholesterol levels and blood glucose levels. Hypertension and diabetes increase your risk of heart disease.

How to prevent cardiovascular disease?

Prevention of cardiovascular disease requires a multi-pronged approach. The right approach will reduce your risk of lifetime or future heart attack or cardiovascular risk significantly. This can also prevent your risk of any cardiovascular disease in the future. Your approach should comprise clinical testing, genetic testing, medications, lifestyle changes and surgical procedures, as outlined below.

Clinical testing – Undergo clinical tests periodically to check for blood pressure, cholesterol and hypertension. You should also go in for a ApoB test. Depending on the results, take suitable remedial measures as prescribed.

Genetic testing – Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamil Nadu are presently available to check for genetic component of cardiovascular disease risk. You can check if you are genetically predisposed to specific conditions that cause cardiovascular diseases.

Lifestyle changes – Incorporate lifestyle changes such as dietary modifications, and adequate exercise. You should also stop smoking and drinking to reduce your risk of heart disease risk.

Medications – The following medications are typically recommended for reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors and prevention.

  •   Blood thinners.
  •   Statins
  •   Beta blockers.
  •   Nitrates.
  •   Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
  •   Angiotensin-2 receptor blockers.
  •   Calcium channel blockers.
  •   Diuretics.

Procedures – Depending on the outcomes of the tests, it may indicate risk factors, and prevention may include the need for certain procedures This includes coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass graft.

Medically Reviewed by


Dr. Rajasekar Cardiologist

Dr. Rajasekar is a cardiologist in Chennai, with extensive experience in the field. He completed his MBBS from Madurai Kamaraj University, followed by an MD in General Medicine and a DM in Cardiology from The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University (TNMGRMU).

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Why It Is Important To Know All About Specific Conditions And Heart Attack?

Why It Is Important To Know All About Specific Conditions And Heart Attack?

Introduction

This anecdote should be a wake up all if you are not aware of the real link between specific conditions and heart attack. A 24-year girl experienced symptoms for a few days that appeared similar to wheezing and ended up passing out for a few minutes. She dismissed this something that is normal and failed to get herself checked. The symptoms subsided, only to return with more intensity, with additional symptoms, like crushing pain. She could not perform simple activities and assumed that it was related to mobility and spinal cord.

She ended up again in the emergency room, had a heart catheterization and survived. She was diagnosed as a patient with arteries that appeared like that of a very aged person with advanced coronary artery disease. Let’s drill down to more details to understand the link between specific conditions and heart attack. Additionally, let’s also understand how you can prevent risks through simple genetic testing , now available in Tamil Nadu.

What are the causes of heart attack?

There are many typical causes of heart attack, and, unfortunately, some of the following conditions are unknown to people. Here are the usual causes that can lead to a heart attack.

  •       Coronary artery disease.  
  •       High blood pressure levels.
  •       High cholesterol levels. 
  •       Diabetes.
  •       Obesity.
  •       Smoking, excessive alcohol.
  •       Lack of physical activity.
  •       Stress.  
  •       Family history of heart ailments.
  •       Inflammatory conditions. 
  •       Kidney disease.
  •       Sleep apnea.

The real life incident recounted above was due to coronary artery disease. Lets learn a little more about this to understand the connection between specific conditions and heart attack.

What are the symptoms of coronary artery disease?

The following symptoms are commonly experienced; however, the intensity and duration could vary. There are many factors that determine the intensity and also indicate the seriousness of the disease.

  • Pain in the chest – Known as angina, this could be some sort of discomfort or pain in the chest. The most common experience is an abnormal squeezing sensation in the chest or heaviness and tightness. At times, this may spread throughout the upper body.  
  • Difficulty breathing – If you are experiencing shortness of breath, during or after physical activity or exertion, this could be CAD. However, it is important to not confuse regular exercise related heavy breathing with this.
  • Extreme tiredness – If you are feeling constantly tired, without any clear reason, it is time to get a checkup.
  • Feeling faint – If you experience a dizzy sensation, or if you feel like you are about to pass out, this could also be a symptom.
  • Profuse sweating – Excessive sweating without much activity, if experienced with other symptoms could be a tell-tale indication of CAD. 
  • Irregular heartbeats – If you experience palpitations or a distinct fluttering sensation in the chest, it is time for a checkup.

     

What are the causes of heart attack in young age?

We now have an idea of the causes of heart attack, and the symptoms of coronary heart disease. It is time to understand the causes of heart attack in young age. The anecdote is a stark reminder of the need to know about the link between specific conditions and heart attack. Armed with this information, it is easier to seek suitable treatment and prevent life threatening situations.

Some of the reasons for heart attack in young people are the same as that of other age groups. However, there are some causes that are different and more pronounced in young people. We will only look at those causes here:

  • Genetically predisposed – Some young people are at risk because of a family history of heart conditions. This could also be genetic predisposition to high cholesterol levels.
  • Vaping and substance abuse – A raging problem is vaping, and use of recreational drugs like cocaine and amphetamines. Individuals on anabolic steroids may also end up with serious heart problems.
  • Autoimmune conditions – People with lupus or rheumatoid arthritis may end up with arteries inflammation that is a heart attack risk.
  • Oral contraceptives – Use of oral contraceptives by women who also smoke is known to increase the risk of heart attacks. 
  • Heart defects at birth – Babies born with structural heart problems are at an increased risk of heart disease at later stages in life.
  • Other health conditions – Certain health conditions like clotting disorders higher levels of homocysteine in the blood can promote blood clots. This exposes the person to risk of heart attacks.

Is it possible to detect underlying conditions before it becomes serious?

Yes, it is possible to detect some underlying conditions that cause a heart attack before it can become serious. Testing can detect some conditions and it is possible to take suitable preventive remedial measures to avoid a heart attack. Other reasons for heart attack may be difficult to predict, but it is possible to change diet, lifestyle and other factors that contribute to heart disease. With regular checkups and the right actions, you can minimize risks between specific conditions and heart attack.

Here is how you can check for certain underlying conditions. There are many tests that help to detect risk of heart attacks in the future. This involves analysis of your blood or saliva sample, from which DNA is extracted, following which it is sequenced, analyzed and the results are interpreted by a specialist cardiologist. Tests that help to detect possible future risk are presently available in Tamil Nadu, offering a comprehensive analysis. Globally, the following genetic tests are carried out:

  • Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping.
  • Whole Exome Sequencing.
  • Whole Genome Sequencing.
  • Targeted Gene Panels.
  • Polygenic Risk Scores.
  • Next-Generation Sequencing.
  • Copy Number Variation Analysis.

    If you are concerned about your health or that of a near and dear one, opt for simple genetic testing . This can help you avoid apprehensions and uncertainty in the future. Steer clear of the need for costly treatments and procedures after a heart attack and choose the safer, simpler and better option.

Medically Reviewed by
Dr.Rajasekar Cardiologist

Dr. Rajasekar is a cardiologist in Chennai, with extensive experience in the field. He completed his MBBS from Madurai Kamaraj University, followed by an MD in General Medicine and a DM in Cardiology from The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University (TNMGRMU).

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