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Different Stages Of Hypertension Heart Disease

Different Stages Of Hypertension Heart Disease

Introduction

Most people are unaware of hypertension until some of the symptoms manifest. Known to progress silently, the damage is done slowly over a period of time leading to complications. Here is a look at the different stages of hypertension heart disease and medications used in the treatment of the condition.

What Is The Connection Between Night Leg Cramps And Heart Disease?

As part of the understanding of hypertension heart disease it is necessary to learn more about certain symptoms. Night leg cramps refer to the sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that are experienced in the calf or foot. Though there is a likelihood of it being a common condition, it is not to be dismissed in all cases. There is a likelihood of it being connected to heart disease, as outlined below:

  1. Peripheral artery disease – In this condition the blood vessels are narrowed, restricting flow of blood. This could cause cramps, and is known to occur in the nights when flow of blood is less. This is sometimes connected to atherosclerosis, and indicates increased risk of cardiovascular conditions.
  2. Heart failure and fluid retention – The likelihood of fluid retention and poor circulation is high among people with heart disease. This causes swelling in the legs, muscle fatigue, resulting in leg cramps. This is indirectly linked to heart failure as a result of poor blood flow and fluid buildup.
  3. Electrolyte – Diuretics are known cause imbalance of important electrolytes such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium. This can result in muscle cramps, and people on heart medications, need to check electrolyte levels in the event of experiencing muscle cramps.
  4. Circulation – Vascular diseases linked to heart problems impact blood circulation, causing muscle cramps as a result of lesser oxygen supply.

When the night leg cramps are frequent, and occur alongside other symptoms, it could point to an underlying cardiovascular condition. Symptoms could include swelling, fatigue, pain in the chest, or difficulty breathing.

What Are The Different Heart Disease Drugs?

Treatment of hypertension heart disease involves the use of some of the following medicines. Each of these medications work on specific areas of cardiovascular health.  

  1. Antihypertensives – These blood pressure medications lower high blood pressure and prevent damage to the heart and blood vessels. Examples include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Calcium Channel Blockers, Beta-Blockers and diuretics.
  2. Antiplatelets and anticoagulants – These medications prevent the formation of blood clots and reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke. Examples include antiplatelets like aspirin, clopidogrel, anticoagulants like warfarin, apixaban and rivaroxaban.
  3. Cholesterol-lowering medications – These regulate high cholesterol levels and prevent the buildup of plaque in arteries. Examples include statins like atorvastatin, simvastatin, PCSK9 inhibitors like evolocumab, alirocumab, bile acid sequestrants like cholestyramine, fibrates like fenofibrate, and Niacin.
  4. Heart failure medications – These medicines improve the ability of the heart in pumping blood and to regulate fluid retention. Examples include ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, Beta-Blockers, diuretics, aldosterone antagonists like spironolactone, eplerenone and digoxin.
  5. Antiarrhythmic medicines – Help to prevent abnormal heart rhythms and examples include Class I Agents like procainamide, Class II Agents like Beta-blockers, Class III Agents like amiodarone, sotalol, and Class IV Agents like calcium channel blockers.
  6. Nitrates and vasodilators – Help in treating pain in the chest pain and to improve flow of blood. Examples include nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, hydralazine. 
  7. SGLT2 inhibitors – Used for managing diabetes, indirectly helping to manage heart conditions. Examples include dapagliflozin, empagliflozin.
  8. Others – Various other medicines help in resolving various issues. Examples include Ranolazine, Ivabradine.

Options For Health Insurance For Pre-Existing Heart Disease In India

An important aspect for people with hypertension heart disease is ensuring insurance coverage for the disease. This will help tide over financial requirements in the event of complications. In India there are health insurance options that cover pre-existing heart diseases. However, such coverage comes with specific conditions. Here is a quick overview of health insurance for individuals with pre-existing heart conditions.

Special plans – Pre-existing heart health conditions are covered by specialized plans. For instance, there are plans for heart patients. These plans are known to cover expenses towards surgeries, hospitalization, and treatment. Many insurers offer special plans, and prominent examples include Star Health and Allied Insurance through such as Star Cardiac Care. 

Standard Insurance with coverage for pre-existing conditions – Various insurers offer standard health insurance policies with cover for pre-existing conditions. However, this is made available with a waiting period for the coverage for pre-existing conditions. For instance, this period could be anywhere between 2 to 4 years.

Critical illness – Additionally, patients can seek comprehensive coverage for critical illness. These plans typically cover major health events including heart attacks, bypass surgeries, and strokes. However, the premium for pre-existing conditions could be higher with additional specific clauses.

Group health insurance – Coverage through employer provided group health insurance policies typically have better, favorable or reasonable terms for pre-existing conditions. Employees are more likely to receive immediate coverage for pre-existing conditions without having to sit through the waiting period of individual plans. Additionally, this may also extend to family members with similar terms.

Points to remember –

  1. Policies that cover pre-existing conditions or plans labelled as specialized heart insurance plans are known to have relatively higher premiums.
  2. This may also entail a detailed medical history and medical examination prior to coverage commencement.
  3. Policies offer the option of riders for extra coverage for specific needs, including heart conditions.

Top insurers with policies offering coverage for heart disease – Here is a list of top insurers offering coverage for heart disease. It is important to add that there are other insurers as well, offering insurance cover for heart diseases. This is only a small list and not complete or comprehensive. This listicle does not promote, endorse or recommend any of the following insurers or policies.

  1. Star Health and Allied Insurance
  2. Max Bupa, presently known as Niva Bupa.
  3. HDFC ERGO.
  4. Care Health Insurance.

Steps To Help Prevent Adverse Health Conditions

The first step to prevent adverse health conditions should always be diagnosis of conditions. This could include undergoing genetic testing for inherited conditions or congenital conditions. This will give advance information about future or lifetime risk of heart disease related conditions and predispositions. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamil Nadu offer genetic testing for heart-related conditions. A sample of blood or saliva is all that is required for in-depth analysis and for generating detailed reports that will then be used by cardiologists for recommendations.

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What Are The Main Valvular Heart Disease Causes And Best Treatment Options?

What Are The Main Valvular Heart Disease Causes And Best Treatment Options?

Introduction

The heart has four valves, mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves that regulate flow of blood. These valves ensure that the blood flows in and out of the heart’s chambers in the right direction. Different valvular heart disease causes impact this functioning, affecting the flow of blood, increasing the burden of the heart causing leakage of blood and various other conditions. Let us look at the different valvular heart diseases and treatment options for congenital heart diseases.

How Is Each Heart Valve Disease Name Assigned To A Condition

The names of various heart valve diseases are on the basis of the specific valve affected. It is also related to the type of dysfunction that causes the condition. Here is a quick look at the main types and valvular heart disease causes:

Aortic valve disease – This is broadly divided into two categories, as outlined below.

  • Aortic Stenosis – This refers to a condition where the aortic valve is narrowed, and this impacts the flow of blood from the heart to the body. The amount of blood that flows is reduced as a result of this condition.
  • Aortic regurgitation – This is also known as aortic insufficiency and refers to the condition when the aortic valve does not close properly. This results in leakage of blood back to into the heart.

Mitral valve disease – This is broadly divided into three categories, as outlined below.

  • Mitral stenosis – This refers to the narrowing of the mitral valve. This condition results in restricting the flow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle.
  • Mitral regurgitation – Also known as mitral insufficiency, this refers to improper closure of the mitral valve. This results in leakage of blood back into the left atrium.
  • Mitral valve prolapse – In this condition the mitral valve flaps bulge back into the left atrium. This can result in regurgitation.

Tricuspid valve disease – This is broadly divided into two categories as outlined below.

  • Tricuspid stenosis – This refers to a condition where the tricuspid valve is narrowed. This impacts the flow of blood between the right atrium and right ventricle.
  • Tricuspid regurgitation – In this condition, the tricuspid valve does not close properly. This improper closure, causes blood to flow back into the right atrium.

Pulmonary valve disease – This is broadly divided into two categories as outlined below.

  • Pulmonary stenosis – This refers to the condition where the pulmonary valve is narrowed. This restricts the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
  • Pulmonary regurgitation – This refers to the condition where the pulmonary valve does not close properly. This causes leakage of blood back into the right ventricle.

The above conditions may arise or develop as a result of one or many factors. For instance, it could be due age, infections, congenital conditions, or other conditions. The treatment for the above conditions may involve a combination of medicines, changes in lifestyle, or surgical procedures. This is to either repair or replace the valve affected by the condition. 

What Are The Different Congenital Heart Disease Treatments?

With the information about valvular heart disease causes outlined above, it is time to look at the different treatment options available. The various approaches presently available are listed below. Before that it is time to understand a little about genetic testing for detection of congenital conditions and inherited conditions.

  1. Advanced genetic testing facilities are presently available in Tamil Nadu, offering you the option to check for inherited conditions or congenital conditions. The test involves drawing of saliva or blood sample that is then analysed in detail. The generated reports offer clear indications of genetic components of heart disease conditions. This helps to identify future or lifetime risk of heart disease from genetic reasons. Based on the report, cardiologists recommend treatment options to minimize the risk.

Congenital heart disease treatment depends on the actual defect, the intensity or severity of the condition, and other factors. For instance, the age of the patient, existing health condition and other diseases are taken into consideration. Treatment types include the following: 

Medicines – The management of certain congenital heart diseases involves medications. This is mainly to improve heart function, regulate blood pressure levels, bring down excess fluid, and prevent the formation of blood clots. Medications used for the above, commonly include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and anticoagulants.

Catheter-based procedures – Also known as interventional cardiology, this refers to procedures aimed to resolve or manage certain conditions.

  • Balloon valvuloplasty – This involves the insertion of a balloon catheter through a blood vessel. This is then inflated to open up a narrowed valve.
  • Atrial septal defect closure – This involves a catheter to position a device that plugs holes in the heart. This helps to prevent opting for open-heart surgery.
  • Stent placement – This involves the placement of stents to widen narrowed blood vessels, restoring normal blood flow.

Surgery – These procedures are necessary for conditions that cannot be resolved or managed by other options. This is also often the only option at a particular stage of the disease.

  • Open-heart surgery – When there are complex defects, an open-heart surgery helps to repair structural issues. For instance, holes in the heart, abnormal vessels, or malformed valves are fixed through this process. This is achieved by closing holes, repairing or replacing valves, or re-routing the flow of blood.
  • Fontan procedure – This is typically used for single-ventricle defects. The procedure is used to re-route blood directly to the lungs, and bypassing the right side of the heart.
  • Repair of tetralogy of fallot – This involves a procedure to resolve multiple defects. For instance, closing a VSD, widening narrowed pathways, and freeing obstructions.

Heart transplant – This is another option in critical cases, when repair is not option. This is also necessary when multiple surgeries have not brought about the desired improvements in the heart function.

Hybrid procedures – This refers to a combination of catheter-based and surgical options, for complex heart defects. This offers the benefit of a less invasive approach when compared with traditional surgery.

Changes to lifestyle – Regardless of the treatment approach, changes to lifestyle are mandatory. The type and intensity of changes may differ. For instance, switching to a heart-healthy diet, quitting smoking, managing stress, and limiting strenuous physical activity.  

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Best Approach To Rheumatic Heart Disease Nursing Management

Best Approach To Rheumatic Heart Disease Nursing Management

Introduction

The damage to the heart due to RHD or rheumatic heart disease is permanent in nature. This makes it necessary for the condition to be managed as it cannot be cured. It is therefore important to adopt the right approach to rheumatic heart disease nursing management for the best outcomes.

What Are The Pathological Changes In Rheumatic Heart Disease?

To understand rheumatic heart disease nursing management it is necessary to know more about the pathological changes due to inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. This is mainly as a result of the unusual immune response after untreated strep throat infection or scarlet fever. Here is a look at the pathological changes in RHD.

Changes to the valve – The main changes to the valve are of three types, apart from other changes.

  • Mitral valve stenosis – As a result of inflammation, the mitral valve is thickened, scarred, and calcified, causing narrowing.
  • Mitral valve regurgitation – The scarred and retracted valve leaflets bring about incomplete closure, resulting in leakage of blood. 
  • Aortic valve involvement – The above two conditions also occur with the aortic valve. 

Myocardial changes – The two main types include the following:

  • Aschoff bodies – Refers to nodules of inflammation in the heart muscle.
  • Fibrosis and scarring – Due to chronic inflammation causing myocardial scarring, abnormalities and weakened heart muscle.

Pericarditis – The outer lining of the pericardium ends up inflamed, causing fibrinous pericarditis, resulting in chest pain and pericardial fibrosis.

Endocardial issues – Two types of issues are commonly reported as outlined below.

  • Inflammation and thrombosis – Wart like formations occur on the inner lining of the heart, especially along the valve leaflets.
  • Scarring and calcification – Chronic inflammation occurs over a period of time, resulting in fibrosis and calcification, impacting valve function.

Structural changes – Three major changes affect the functioning, as outlined below.

  • Valve deformity – Due to scarring and deformity, the valves are thickened, turn stiff and dysfunctional, affecting flow of blood.  
  • Cardiac chamber dilation and hypertrophy – Due to chronic valve disease, there is increased workload on the heart chambers.  
  • Pulmonary hypertension – As a result of mitral stenosis or regurgitation, there is increased pressure in the left atrium. This causes pulmonary hypertension and possible right heart failure.

What Are The Main Features Of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

As part of understanding of rheumatic heart disease nursing management here is a look at the main aspects of RHD.  The effects are primarily as a result of the damage caused by the immune response post Strep throat infection. This results in inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. 

  1. Valve lesions – The mitral valve is the most commonly affected valve, experiencing narrowing and/or leakage. These effects are the outcome of inflammation, scarring, and calcification, resulting in stiffened valves.  The second most affected valve is the aortic valve, with same effects – narrowing and/or leakage. In a small percentage of cases, multiple valves may be affected, aggravating the effects on flow of blood.
  2. Structural changes – Due to chronic inflammation, the valve thickens, apart from fusion of the points where the valve leaflets join.  Additionally, wart-like nodules begin to form on the valve leaflets, as a result of the inflammation. These structural changes result in the valve surfaces having an irregular shape, texture, exposing the valves to risk of bacterial endocarditis.
  3. Changes to heart chamber – The narrowing of the mitral valve causes the left atrium to enlarge gradually. This is because of the increased burden to push blood through a valve that has narrowed. Similarly, the left ventricle may also enlarge due to increased workload from valve dysfunction.  A fallout of the increased pressure in the left atrium affects pulmonary circulation, resulting in pulmonary hypertension.  
  4. Arrhythmias – As a result of the atrial enlargement, atrial fibrillation occurs, and the irregular heartbeat exposes the person to risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart failure.

Various symptoms may manifest due to RHD, including difficulty breathing, overall fatigue, pain in the chest, irregular heartbeats, fluid retention and edema. RHD exposes the patient to increased risk of complications, and it is therefore necessary for proper management of the condition.

Short Rheumatic Heart Disease Summary

A quick outline of RHD will help caregivers get better insights into rheumatic heart disease nursing management. It is essentially a chronic condition from an immune reaction, and mostly when strep throat infections are either untreated or poorly treated. This is followed by inflammation, scarring, and structural changes in the heart, especially the mitral and aortic valves.

The effects include thickening of the valve, narrowing of the valve and leakage from the valve. These effects are the main reason for symptoms experienced, such as breathlessness, fatigue, and palpitations. As this is a chronic condition, it progresses to heart failure, arrhythmias, and greater risk of stroke. Management includes medical monitoring of the patient, timely intake of medications, and wherever required, valve surgery.

What Is The Rate Of Rheumatic Heart Disease Incidence?

Globally, incidence rates of RHD are skewed towards countries with poor health infrastructure and sanitation. Low-income and middle-income countries have lesser focus on preventive treatment and this causes higher incidence rates of strep throat. This in turn leads to increased incidence rates of RHD. To complete the understanding of rheumatic heart disease nursing management lets look at the incidence rates of the disease.

Annually, around 282,000 cases of RHD are diagnosed globally. Regions that are classified as high-risk include sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, Pacific Islands, and some nations in Latin America. In these high-risk countries, the rates are between 10 to 15 cases per 100,000 population.  Locations that belong to the low-income category have between 30–40 cases per 100,000 population. Locations known as high-income category, have less than 1 case per 100,000 population. The most vulnerable age groups are children and adolescents.

Factors that influence incidence rates in India

Various factors, such as poverty, cramped and overcrowded communities, poor healthcare facilities result in higher incidence rates.  This is amplified in rural areas, and regions with limited access to antibiotics and health care, that end up delaying treatment for strep throat. 

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The Need To Move From Diagnosis To Heart Disease Prediction

The Need To Move From Diagnosis To Heart Disease Prediction

Introduction

Presently most people approach treatment of heart disease through the diagnosis route. For instance, after the manifestation of symptoms, individuals approach healthcare for tests and diagnosis. Based on the results, treatment commences. However, it is best to adopt a better approach, through heart disease prediction. This will give a better outcome, as the prediction is achieved much before experiencing symptoms that push an individual to undergo diagnosis.

Overview Of Heart Disease Prediction Using ML

This approach offers accurate and personalized predictions and involves the following steps. Here is a quick look at the steps to understand heart disease prediction better.

  1. Data – ML models rely on data from health records, imaging reports, genetic information, results of lab tests and other wearable devices. This data includes input such as age, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, sugar levels, lifestyle, family medical history etc. 
  2. ML Models – There are different ML models including supervised learning, and common algorithms.
  3. Data Preprocessing – Here, data integrity is achieved by imputing missing data or excluding the missing data.  Inputs are converted to numerical data for the purpose of processing.
  4. Model Training – Following this, the model is trained on patterns using the dataset.
  5. Evaluation – Metrics are laid down to measure the accuracy of the prediction.
  6. Interpretability – The next stage involves use of ML models to interpret features that contribute the most towards predictions. This helps in understanding the different factors that influence the risk of heart disease.

New Methods In Machine Learning Heart Disease Prediction

Latest methods in ML have made it possible to utilize sophisticated models, and improve interpretability of heart disease prediction. These methods include:

  1. Image analysis – Medical images, such as echocardiograms, CT scans, and MRIs are analysed to detect patterns in heart structure, function, and blood vessel plaques. This offers early indicators of disease.
  2. Interpretation – Advances have helped to improve interpretability, highlighting the contribution of features to specific predictions.
  3. Relationship between Patients – New methods help identify relationships between patients on the basis of various inputs. For instance, clinical features, family history, and lifestyle factors, compiling a dataset of patients with similarities.
  4. Rare and special cases – ML models are trained to handle limited data on rare heart conditions.  
  5. Comorbidity – As heart conditions are known to coexist with diseases like diabetes or hypertension, prediction looks at multiple diseases or risk factors.

What Is Meant By Exploratory Data Analysis On Heart Disease Prediction?

This is an important step in heart disease prediction utilizing data analysis. This relies on statistical techniques and visualization methods to make sense of patterns and relationships within datasets. This helps in applying complex analytical methods. Let us take a look at this in the context of heart disease prediction.

  1. Dataset – This begins with collecting data, such as patient demographics, medical history, lab test results, imaging data, lifestyle and past diagnoses.
  2. Data Cleaning – The data is then prepared by addressing missing data points. This may require removal of records, imputing certain values and identifying certain unique values that may change the results.
  3. Visualization – This involves the use of histograms for displaying numerical variables, box plots, scatter plots, and heatmaps to show correlation and identify relationships that influence risk factors. 
  4. Patterns – Analysing trends over time, like changes in risk factors or outcomes among various age groups.  
  5. Risk factors – Identification of key risk factors linked to heart disease helps devise appropriate strategies and guidelines.

Example Of Use Case Diagram For Heart Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning

Use case diagram helps to visually explain the manner in which healthcare providers, patients, and data scientists, interact in the approach. Here is a description to illustrate heart disease prediction. Stakeholders include healthcare providers, patients, data scientists, and system administrators.  

The process

  1. Patient data is furnished by healthcare providers and patients.
  2. The machine learning model is trained by selection of data, preprocessing, and use of historical patient data.
  3. Prediction relies on analysis of the input data, by generating a score that will indicate the possibility of heart disease.
  4. Patient records are updated on the basis of the prediction and recommendations.
  5. The progress of the patient is monitored.

How To Predict Genetic Heart Disease?

Genetic components of heart disease can be predicted using genetic testing. This involves assessing the genetic as well as non-genetic factors to identify people at risk. Here is a quick overview of genetic heart disease prediction

  1. Reasons for heart disease due to genetics – This is mainly from genetic mutations that impact the structure of the heart and its function. For instance, familial hypercholesterolemia is a condition that increases cholesterol levels. Similarly, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes thickening of the heart muscle. Long QT Syndrome is another genetic condition that causes sudden cardiac arrest.
  2. Family history – People with a family history of heart disease certainly require genetic counseling. This collects inputs to identify patterns of hereditary heart disease.
  3. Genetic testing – Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamil Nadu offer individuals the opportunity to get tested for future risk of heart disease. Saliva or blood samples are collected and analysed to identify risks. The reports help in recommending suitable treatment for the desired outcomes. Tests may include testing specific genes linked with hereditary heart conditions, for instance, MYH7 for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Other tests include adopting a broader approach to look at multiple genes and identify mutations associated with genetic heart diseases. The third category is utilisation of advanced techniques to sequence the genome, and identify rare mutations.

In addition to the above, data is also collected about lifestyle of the patient. This includes diet, exercise, smoking or drinking habits and other exposure to environmental hazards. Existing medical conditions that interact or influence genetic predispositions are also evaluated to predict heart disease risk.

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Preventing Heart Disease: A Effective Approach

Preventing Heart Disease: A Effective Approach

Introduction

Advances in medical science have now delivered multiple options to effectively prevention of heart disease. The most effective approach is to identify risks, and take suitable remedial measures to lessen the risk. Here is a look at important information in reducing risk through preventive methods.

What Precautions Can Be Taken For Prevention of Heart Disease?

Here is a look at the top precautions to prevention of heart disease. This is a long-term process and individuals needs to ensure that this is practiced diligently. Any let up in the efforts may result in increased risk of heart disease.

  1. Switch to a diet that is heart-healthy – fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats from olive oil, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish. Cut down on saturated and trans fats, red meat, processed snacks, salt and sugary foods. 
  2. Exercise – needs to be part of routine. A minimum of 30 minutes of brisk walking, or cycling, or swimming should be part of routine 5 days a week.  Exercise should also include strength training exercises.
  3. Weight management – is very important, and involves monitoring Body Mass Index to maintain a healthy weight. Abdominal fat is a risk factor; hence efforts need to be directed accordingly.
  4. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels – need to be checked regularly and should be managed to control the levels.
  5. Blood sugar levels – also need to be checked periodically and controlled accordingly, as diabetes and insulin resistance increase the risk of heart disease.
  6. Smoking – quitting smoking is essential to prevent damage to blood vessels, increased blood pressure, and risk of heart attacks and strokes.
  7. Alcohol – consumption is to be reduced significantly, as excess alcohol increase blood pressure levels, contributing to heart failure.

In addition to the above, there are various other options that can be used for reducing risk of heart disease. For instance, people at risk are to ensure a minimum of 7 to 9 hours of proper sleep. In the event of sleep apnea or sleep disorders, it is necessary to take suitable treatment to prevent sleep disturbance.  

Other important precautions include periodic screenings, intake of medications as explained. Leading a less stressful life is key to reducing risk. Stress is known to indirectly increase risk of heart disease due to the effects that it causes. Similarly, individuals are also advised to avoid remaining seated for a long time. This affects the flow of blood, and impacts heart health, causing risk of heart disease. Ideally, there needs to be a break during the day, to stretch and to exercise, to reduce risk.

Tips For Effective Prevention Of Congenital Heart Disease

While it is not always possible to prevention of heart disease that is classified as congenital, the risks can be reduced considerably. These conditions refer to structural heart defects at birth, and steps during pregnancy and preconception can reduce the risk of these defects. Here is a look at some of the effective measures.

  1. Planning and genetic counseling – people who have a family history of CHD need genetic counseling. Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamil Nadu offer couples the opportunity to undergo testing. This involves the submission of either blood or saliva samples. Based on the reports, healthcare providers discuss possible risks.
  2. Chronic conditions – are to be managed effectively. For instance, uncontrolled diabetes can increase the risk of CHD in newborn children.
  3. Quit alcohol and smoking – during pregnancy to avoid fetal alcohol syndrome. This increases the risks of CHD.
  4. Take folic acid and vitamins – the use of folic acid supplements can reduce the risk of neural tube defects and CHD. Similarly, prenatal vitamins that contain iron, calcium, and other essential nutrients are also a protective intake.
  5. Infections – are to effectively treated during pregnancy. For instance, rubella increases the risk of CHD. Proper vaccination is to be undertaken before pregnancy for various infections, that may harm the fetus. 
  6. Medicines and contra-indication – ensure that medications known to be harmful during pregnancy, are replaced with non-toxic medicines. For instance, isotretinoin, epilepsy medications, pesticides, radiation, and other chemicals.
  7. Weight management – pregnant women who are obese are at risk of causing birth defects, including CHD.

How To Ensure Prevention Of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

This heart disease is attributed to rheumatic fever and strep throat infections. Therefore, preventing or managing the fever can help to prevent RHD.

  1. Early detection – identify symptoms of strep throat, such as painful sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck and swollen tonsils. Timely treatment of these symptoms in children or adolescents, are important.
  2. Antibiotics – it is essential to complete the prescribed course for strep throat. This is to prevent recurrence and complications, as incomplete treatment increases the risk of rheumatic fever. 
  3. Hygiene – helps to prevent infections. It is important to frequently wash hands before and after meals.

Sharing of personal items such as cooking utensils, cups, or toothbrushes are to be avoided.

Is There Any Unknown Intermittent Fasting Heart Disease Risk?

People often resort to intermittent fasting among the steps to prevention of heart disease. However, there is inconclusive evidence regarding the benefits and risks. One study suggested that individuals on one type of intermittent fasting had a 91% higher risk of cardiovascular disease.

While intermittent fasting is known to offer benefits such as improved blood sugar control and weight management, it also carries risks for cardiovascular health. This is mainly under certain conditions, such as people with pre-existing heart disease or cancer.

The reason for inconclusive nature of this finding is that challenges linked with it. Though there is a correlation, it does not affix responsibility for the cause. Experts suggest that the quality of food consumed during fasting windows and underlying health conditions can increase risk. For instance, people on intermittent fasting routines may end up stressed or with malnutrition. 

Though intermittent fasting has reported short-term metabolic improvements, like improved insulin sensitivity, this requires additional research to fully understand the effects on heart health on a long term.

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How To Avoid Complications Of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

How To Avoid Complications Of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

Introduction

In India, around 26% of all adult deaths is attributed to cardiovascular diseases, including rheumatic heart disease. Despite being a preventable condition, poor access to health care in certain areas of India are contributing to higher incidence rates. Here is a detailed look at the condition, and tips to avoid complications.

Overview Of RHD Heart Disease

This belongs to the category of serious conditions due to damage to the heart valves from rheumatic fever. This is, in turn an autoimmune response to strep throat infections.  It is important to note that there is no cure for rheumatic heart disease but the condition can be managed effectively to prevent adverse outcomes.

Causes of RHD – this is usually after episodes of poorly treated or untreated rheumatic fever. The immune response of the body, tackles this untreated/poorly treated infection by wrongly attacking heart tissues. This causes inflammation and scarring of the heart valves​

Symptoms of RHD – include the following:

  • Difficulty breathing.
  • Pain in the chest.
  • Tiredness.
  • Abdominal swelling. 
  • Irregular heartbeats​.

RHD can be mostly prevented by timely diagnosis and suitable treatment of strep throat. Countries with good health care and living conditions have lesser prevalence rates.  

What Is The Best Approach To Rheumatic Heart Disease Management?

Managing rheumatic heart disease involves a combination of actions. For instance, the ideal approach will include preventive measures, treatment, and, wherever required, surgical intervention.  

Preventive measures – can be broadly classified as primary and secondary.

  1. Primary prevention can be labelled as the best approach to managing RHD. This refers to prevention of rheumatic fever, through timely treatment of streptococcal throat infections using antibiotics such as penicillin.
  2. Secondary prevention is intended for patients with rheumatic fever. This involves administration of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent future episodes. This may require to be administered for as long as 10 years or till the age of 40.

Medical management – includes medications to tackle symptoms and complications. This involves the use of diuretics for fluid retention, and anticoagulants to prevent the formation of blood clots. Other medicines prescribed are for managing heart rhythm disorders

Surgery – is intended for patients classified as severe cases of RHD. This refers to conditions with damaged heart valves, requiring repair or replacement.

What Are The Common Rheumatic Heart Disease Clinical Manifestations?

Rheumatic heart disease may cause different types of clinical manifestations, due to damaged heart valves from rheumatic fever. Common manifestations of this condition are as outlined below:

  1. Cardiac symptoms – the person is likely to experienced difficulty breathing due to improper functioning of heart valve. Pain in the chest may be experienced, due to heart muscle strain or valve problems. Other symptoms include overall fatigue as a result of lesser cardiac output, and swelling due to fluid retention.  
  2. Indications of improper functioning of heart valve – the person may observe or experience murmurs. These are unusual sounds in the heart due to flow of blood through damaged valves. Irregular heartbeats may also be experienced as a result of structural changes.
  3. Systemic symptoms – include pain in the joints, and could be experienced before other cardiac symptoms manifest. Outbreak of rashes or nodules may be visible beneath the skin.
  4. Long-term effects – there could be chronic complications like progressive heart valve disease. This is the result of aggravating heart failure and risk of stroke.

Tips To Avoid Complication Of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

To prevent complications of rheumatic heart disease, it is necessary to adopt an approach that is a combination of various measures. For instance, regular medical care, lifestyle modifications and importantly preventive care.  

  1. Antibiotics – patients may be expected to continue antibiotics on a longer term as prophylaxis. This is to prevent future strep infections, that may be responsible for repeated episodes of rheumatic fever. This may be required for as long as 10 years.
  2. Follow-up – patients are expected to regularly visit the healthcare provider for follow-up. During follow-up care, actions would include going through an echocardiograms and clinical assessments to detect changes.
  3. Lifestyle – needs to be changed and this includes dietary changes, and regular exercise. A balanced diet with lesser saturated fats, sugars, and salt is important for heart health. Intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins are to be increased. Patients are to regularly exercise to improve cardiovascular health. Other actions include quitting smoking and avoiding alcohol.
  4. Existing conditions – are to be treated urgently. For instance, it is necessary to manage hypertension, diabetes, and other risk factors that are likely to cause complications of RHD.

What Are The Common Rheumatic Heart Disease Medication?

The management of rheumatic heart disease includes use of medications on a long term basis, apart from managing existing conditions. This is to alleviate symptoms, and prevent worsening of the condition.

  1. Antibiotics – one of the most important medications as prophylaxis for rheumatic fever is penicillin. Wherever necessary, alternate antibiotics such as erythromycin may be administered for patients allergic to penicillin
  2. Anti-inflammatory medicines – such as aspirin are commonly used during acute rheumatic fever. This is primarily to reduce inflammation and offer relief from pain. Additionally, corticosteroids may also be used when severe inflammation is experienced. 
  3. Diuretics – help to reduce excessive fluid especially when heart failure symptoms manifest. 
  4. Anticoagulants – such as warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants are mainly for patients at risk of thromboembolic events. 
  5. Medicines for heart failure – include ACE inhibitors to reduce blood pressure and bring down the workload of the heart.  Beta-blockers are also prescribed to control heart rate and improve heart function.
  6. Other medicines – include statins to manage cholesterol levels and to bring down possible cardiovascular risks.

The administration of medication depends on the patient’s condition and response. Management of the condition requires periodic monitoring and regulation of therapy, based on the response to the treatment. This will manage rheumatic heart disease effectively, while preventing future complications.  

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What Do New Insights Offer On The Pathophysiology Of Heart Disease?

What Do New Insights Offer On The Pathophysiology Of Heart Disease?

Introduction

Recent advances in medical science have offered interesting insights into the pathophysiology of heart disease. This has paved the way for new treatment approaches that will deliver better outcomes. For instance, research has helped identify the mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis. Similarly, the role of peptide hormones as biomarkers have also been identified. This helps in adopting better treatment approaches for effective outcomes.

Overview Of Ischemic Heart Disease Pathogenesis

Also known as coronary artery disease this is mainly due to reduced flow of blood to the heart muscle. This deprives the heart of the required levels of oxygen and nutrients. Lets understand more about this as part of insights into pathophysiology of heart disease.

  1. Atherosclerosis – This typically starts with damage to the inner lining of blood vessels, as a result of hypertension, smoking, high levels of cholesterol and diabetes. Consequently, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles enter the walls of the vessel, triggering an inflammatory response. This causes accumulation of immune cells, such as macrophages, at the location. 
  2. Plaque – Following the above, fatty deposits begin to buildup in the artery walls. This narrows the artery limiting flow of blood.
  3. Calcification – This slowly hardens and calcifies, causing the arteries to stiffen. This is essentially atherosclerosis, causing reduced flow of blood.
  4. Thrombosis – When the plaque ruptures, it causes formation of a blood clot that can block the artery.

The various stages may not present symptoms in the early stages. However, later on, symptoms such as angina, and difficulty breathing may be experienced. 

What Is Rheumatic Heart Disease Pathogenesis?

This refers to a chronic condition due to rheumatic fever, post strep throat infections. Let’s look at the pathogenesis resulting in damaged heart tissues, as part of understanding the pathophysiology of heart disease.

  1. Streptococcal infection – As outlined above, the first step is a throat infection due to Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Following this, some individuals are likely to experience an immune response, where antibodies wrongly target the healthy tissues of the body.
  2. Rheumatic fever – When the condition affects the heart, it results in rheumatic fever. In this condition, the entire heart ends up inflamed.
  3. Damage to the Valve – The inflammation targets the heart valves, such as the mitral valve, or the aortic valve. This causes scarring and thickening of the valve leaflets, causing structural or functional deformities of the valve. This condition develops over many years and can cause heart failure when left untreated.

What Does Pathology Of Rheumatic Heart Disease Mean?

This refers to the actual structural and other changes in the heart due to RHD. Let us understand more about effects on the heart tissues, as part of our understanding of pathophysiology of heart disease.

  1. Damage to heart valve – The most commonly affected valve is the mitral valve. The nature of damage includes thickening, scarring, and fusion causing narrowing or leakage.
  2. Aschoff bodies – Refer to inflammatory lesions in the heart muscle of people afflicted with rheumatic fever.
  3. Pancarditis – Refers to condition that causes inflammation of multiple layers of the heart, such as the inner layer, the heart muscle and outer layer. 
  4. Fibrosis – Due to repeated inflammation formation of scar tissue occurs in the valves. This calcifies making the valves rigid, causing abnormal functioning.

Explanation Of Ischemic Heart Disease Pathophysiology Flow Chart

As part of understanding of pathophysiology of heart disease, lets look at the sequence of pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease.

Risk Factors >> Injury to inner artery lining >> Deposit of lipids >> Formation of plaque >> Narrowing of artery restricting flow of blood >> Limited supply of oxygen to heart >> Rupture of plaque >> Formation of clot >> Blockage of artery >> Heart attack or chest pain >> Heart failure, arrhythmias.

Explanation of above sequence

Risk factors – Include high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and obesity.

Injury to endothelium – This damage triggers the condition.

Lipid deposit – Following the damage, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles enter the artery wall, and accumulate.

Plaque – Tis triggers in formation of plaque, narrowing the artery over time.

Ischemia – Due to reduced flow of blood to the heart muscle, ischemia occurs. This is essentially lack of oxygen in the tissues, causing chest pain.

Rupture – Unstable plaque ruptures, releasing the contents to the bloodstream.

Clot formation – When plaque ruptures, it causes formation of a blood clot that can block the artery.

Blockage – A partial or complete blockage of the artery may result in abrupt and severe reduction in blood flow.

Myocardial infarction – A heart attack occurs due to complete blockage, due to damage to the heart tissue.  Angina occurs due to partial blockage.

Meaning Of Congenital Heart Disease Pathophysiology

The above understanding of the pathophysiology of heart disease will be incomplete without learning about congenital heart diseases. This refers to structural abnormalities in the heart or blood vessels from birth. This is due to genetic, environmental, or other factors that impact heart development during fetal growth. Let us look at the different stages.

  • Heart development – Genetic mutations, illnesses such as rubella, or other like medications or alcohol consumption disrupts normal heart development. 
  • Abnormalities – Could include holes between chambers, permitting blood to mix between the left and right sides. This results in the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
  • Defects – Due to structural abnormalities, blood flow is restricted, causing increased workload on the heart.  Other defects cause cyanosis, resulting in a bluish appearance. 

Advanced genetic testing facilities presently available in Tamilnadu, help in determining the presence of congenital or inherited heart diseases. The tests help to either confirm or rule out the presence of the conditions. Samples of blood or saliva are al that are required for the tests. A detailed analysis and interpretation of the analysis helps cardiologists to determine the conditions. Based on the test results, appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes will then be recommended.

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Will Timely Diagnosis Of Heart Disease Reverse The Disease Completely?

Will Timely Diagnosis Of Heart Disease Reverse The Disease Completely?

Introduction

One of India’s famous filmmakers and choreographer Remo D’Souza is yet to understand the reason for his heart attack. Diagnosed with a 100 per cent blockage, Remo survived due to timely treatment. This gives rise to the question – will timely diagnosis of heart disease completely reverse the disease? Let us understand if this is possible along with important information that supports the answer.

What Will A Blood Test For Heart Disease Reveal?

A lot of extremely important information about your heart health will be revealed with a blood test. This is usually part of standard diagnosis of heart disease. Here is a look at the different types of blood tests and the purpose: 

  1. Cholesterol levels – indicates levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein known as bad cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein known as good cholesterol triglycerides. 
  2. High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) – this is to look for inflammation in the body.  
  3. Troponin – this is a standard test to understand if you have suffered any recent heart damage. Troponin is a protein that is released when there is damage to the heart muscle.
  4. B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) or N-Terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) – are used to look for heart failure, and are proteins that are released when the heart undergoes stress. 
  5. Blood Sugar – indicates diabetes or prediabetes, that are known risk factors of heart disease.
  6. Homocysteine – indicates levels of this amino acid, which damages the arteries.
  7. Fibrinogen – is a protein responsible for blood clotting, and increases the risk of heart disease.

Which Is The Most Reliable Heart Disease Test?

No test is typically regarded as the most reliable as part of tests for diagnosis of heart disease. Typically, it is a combination of tests, and this is determined on the basis of the symptoms and risk factors. Certain tests are considered as more reliable for specific diagnostics of heart disease, as listed below:

  1. Electrocardiogram – is effective in diagnosing abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, or damage.
  2. Echocardiogram – is reliable for checking heart function, looking for valve problems, and heart failure, congenital defects.
  3. Stress test – detects coronary artery disease.
  4. Coronary Angiography – detects coronary artery blockages.
  5. CT Coronary Angiogram – is reliable for detecting blockages or narrowing in the coronary arteries. 
  6. Blood tests – are reliable for confirming damage to the heart or an attack. 
  7. Cardiac MRI – is reliable for detecting structural heart disease, and damage post-heart attack. 

Which Tests Are Used In The Diagnosis Of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

Diagnosis of RHD involves a combination of evaluation, blood tests, and imaging tests. Commonly used tests for diagnosis of heart disease of this nature include:

  • Echocardiogram – commonly known as Echo to visualize the heart’s structure and function. It helps detect valve damage, narrowing or leakage of valves. 
  • Electrocardiogram – referred as either ECG or EKG, this measures the electrical activity of the heart. It detects abnormal heart rhythms due to valve damage.
  • Chest X-ray – is an imaging test of the chest to check the size and shape of the heart and lungs. It detects an enlarged heart or fluid buildup in the lungs.
  • Blood tests – there are three different tests used as part of diagnosis.
    • ASO titer measures antibodies to indicate a recent strep throat infection. 
    • C-Reactive Protein reveals inflammation in the body.
    • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate also indicates inflammation.
  • Rapid Strep test – looks for Streptococcus bacteria in the throat.
  • Cardiac MRI – visualizes the heart using magnetic fields. This assesses the heart valves and function in detail.
  • Doppler Ultrasound – shows flow of blood through the heart valves. This assesses the functioning of the heart valves. 

What Does ICD 10 Ischemic Heart Disease Mean?

This is coded depiction according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, and is used by healthcare providers. This helps classify and code various diagnoses, symptoms, conditions types and stages for treatment, and billing purposes.

ICD-10 ischemic heart disease refers to those codes related to lesser flow of blood to the heart. This condition, known as ischemia, is typically due to blockages in the coronary arteries. The common ICD-10 codes of this condition include: 

I20 – Angina Pectoris

I20.0: Unstable angina

I20.1: Angina pectoris with documented spasm

I20.8: Other forms of angina pectoris

I20.9: Angina pectoris, unspecified

I21 – Acute Myocardial Infarction, commonly known as heart attack

I21.0: STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction) of the anterior wall

I21.1: STEMI of the inferior wall

I21.9: Acute myocardial infarction, unspecified

I22 – Subsequent Myocardial Infarction

Used when a heart attack occurs within 28 days of earlier attacks. 

I25 – Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease

I25.1: Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery  

I25.2: Old myocardial infarction  

I25.5: Ischemic cardiomyopathy  

I25.9: Chronic ischemic heart disease, unspecified

What Are The Common Congenital Heart Disease Signs And Symptoms?

Various symptoms and signs of congenital heart disease may be recognized indicating defects at birth. This is also achieved during diagnosis of heart disease. Symptoms vary and depend on the type and severity of the defect. Common signs and symptoms in adults include the following:

  • Difficulty breathing – during minimal physical activity or even while resting.
  • Overall tiredness – even during routine physical activities.
  • Swelling – especially in the legs, abdomen. 
  • Heart murmurs – detected during examination with a stethoscope, and refers to abnormal heart sounds. 
  • Fainting – during physical activity.
  • Irregular heartbeat – known as arrhythmias, these are also commonly experienced.

Advanced genetic testing facilities in Tamilnadu offer you the opportunity to rule out or confirm congenital heart disease and inherited conditions. A sample of your saliva or blood is used to analyse and provide reports on genetic components of heart disease.

To sum up, timely detection of heart disease can prevent it from worsening and can help in managing the condition. However, it is incorrect to claim that the disease can be prevented completely, technically. The effects of the disease can be considerably controlled and depending on the approach, it can prevent fatalities. Some of the effects of the disease can be reversed, and this will contribute to overall risk reduction and improve health.

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What are the main types of heart disease?

What Are The Main Types Of Heart Disease?

Introduction

Considered as one of the best choreographers in India, Remo D’Souza had a heart attack despite being a non-smoker with a healthy lifestyle. This clearly indicates that even when there are no traditional risks of heart attack, it is possible for anyone to end up with a heart attack. Let us look at different types of heart disease and understand possible risks from the conditions.

What Are The Different Types Of Cyanotic Heart Disease?

These are congenital heart defects causing reduction in oxygen levels in the blood. This creates a bluish appearance to the skin, known as cyanosis. Among the different types of heart disease this involves structural abnormalities that affect the ability of the heart to pump blood. Different types of this condition include: 

  1. Tetralogy of Fallot – Symptoms include bluish tint to skin, breathlessness. 
  2. Transposition of the Great Arteries – Symptoms include bluish tint to skin after birth that is severe.
  3. Tricuspid Atresia – Symptoms include bluish tint to skin, extreme tiredness, poor feeding, and heart failure.
  4. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return – Symptoms include rapid breathing, poor growth and bluish tint to skin.
  5. Pulmonary Atresia – Symptoms include breathlessness immediately after birth and bluish tint to skin.
  6. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome – Symptoms include cold limb extremities, shock immediately after birth and bluish tint to skin.
  7. Ebstein’s Anomaly – Symptoms include irregular heartbeats, heart failure and bluish tint to skin.

Advanced genetic testing facilities presently available in Tamilnadu offer patients the options of checking for inherited conditions and congenital conditions. Samples of blood or saliva are analysed to check for genetic components of heart diseases, either by birth or through genetic predisposition. This helps to either rule out or confirm certain conditions. This offers a clear prediction of future risk of heart conditions.

Which Type Of Heart Disease Is Considered Dangerous?

Many types of heart disease are considered to be dangerous, as a result of the potential to cause sudden events that can be fatal or serious. Some of the most serious types of heart disease include the following:

  1. Coronary artery disease – The blocked coronary arteries prevent or reduce flow of blood to the heart, causing myocardial infarction, known as heart attack.
  2. Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest – Life-threatening arrhythmias make the heart to quiver, severely affecting pumping of blood. This causes sudden cardiac arrest and can be fatal in minutes.
  3. Heart failure – The heart gradually weakens, affecting flow of blood, and can also cause fluid buildup in the lungs, resulting in organ failure.
  4. Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection – Any bulge in the aorta can rupture, causing rapid internal bleeding and possible death.
  5. Pulmonary embolism – The flow of blood to the lungs is blocked by a blood clot, bringing oxygen levels extremely low.
  6. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Thickening of the heart muscle obstructs flow of blood causing cardiac arrest.
  7. Cyanotic congenital heart disease – This is a group of defects that affect oxygenation of blood, causing heart failure when left untreated. 

Which Type Of Congenital Heart Disease Can Be Diagnosed Early?

Many types of heart disease belonging to the category of congenital heart diseases can be diagnosed early. This can also be detected during pregnancy or immediately after birth. Conditions that can be detected early include the following:

  1. Tetralogy of Fallot – through prenatal ultrasound, or distinct symptoms like cyanosis and heart murmurs.
  2. Transposition of the Great Arteries – through tell-tale symptoms like severe cyanosis and imaging studies.
  3. Atrioventricular Septal Defect – through prenatal scans or symptoms like heart murmurs.
  4. Ventricular Septal Defect – through physical examination and echocardiography.
  5. Coarctation of the Aorta – through difference in blood pressure levels in the arms and legs, and imaging studies.
  6. Pulmonary Stenosis – through physical examination or echocardiography.

What Are The Different Coronary Heart Disease Types?

Also known as coronary artery disease, these types of heart disease refer to conditions that affect the coronary arteries. The different types in this category include the following:

  1. Stable angina – This is predictable when the person undergoes exertion or stress. The condition is relieved with rest or medicines. Symptoms include pain or discomfort in the chest.
  2. Unstable angina – This is unpredictable in nature and can be experienced even when at rest or when there has been very little exertion. Symptoms include intense pain in the chest, sweating, and difficulty breathing. 
  3. Myocardial infarction – Commonly known as heart attack, this happens when blood flow to the heart is blocked for a longer period. This damages the heart muscle, and is due to formation of blood clot. Symptoms include intense pain in the chest that radiates to the arm, difficulty breathing, and breaking into a cold sweat.
  4. Coronary artery spasm – A temporary tightening of the muscles in the coronary arteries, either stops or reduces flow of blood to the heart muscle. Symptoms include pain in the chest, even when at rest, and is often linked to smoking, or substance abuse.
  5. Silent ischemia – Reduced flow of blood to the heart muscle with atypical symptoms of angina. This rare condition does not present any symptoms, making it a very dangerous condition. 
  6. Microvascular angina – In this condition, the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle are affected in women. This is attributed to conditions such as diabetes or hypertension. Symptoms include pain in the chest during or after exertion, without any relief with rest.

Which Heart Condition Is A Very Rare Heart Disease?

While there are many types of heart disease, some are regarded as rare. It is always advisable to be aware of such conditions, to ensure treatment at the right time.  A few notable examples include the following:

  1. Kawasaki disease – This refers to an inflammatory condition in the arteries, especially among children of Asian descent. Symptoms include fever, outbreak of rashes, swollen lymph nodes, and reddish appearance of the eyes.
  2. Eisenmenger syndrome – This is another rare condition with increased flow of blood to the lungs, among people with untreated congenital heart defects. Symptoms include bluish appearance of skin, difficulty breathing, weakness, and irregular heartbeats.
  3. Brugada syndrome – This genetic disorder affects heart rhythms in men, and exposes the person to risk of sudden cardiac death. Symptoms include fainting or palpitations.
  4. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia – This genetic heart disease affects the heart muscle, causing arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Symptoms include abnormal heart beats and fainting.
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Are there any distinct indicators of valvular heart disease?

Are There Any Distinct Indicators Of Heart Valve Disease?

Introduction

Failure to take note of distinctive symptoms and indications of heart valve disease is one of the reasons for a large number of hospitalizations. Many patients are unaware of the condition until an advanced stage or progression of the condition. There are certain tell -tale symptoms that clearly indicate valvular heart disease and the right approach, on time can save lives and improve quality of life.

What Is National Valvular Heart Disease Awareness Day?

February 22, is observed globally as the National Heart Valve Disease Awareness Day. The purpose is to raise awareness about heart valve disease, the condition affecting the heart’s valves, impacting flow of blood in the heart. This day is used for running campaigns to help people recognize symptoms, like fatigue, difficulty breathing, and chest pain.

Most of these symptoms are often overlooked or misunderstood as indications of other conditions or aging related signs. With timely detection and treatment, the quality of life will considerably improve and most importantly prevent serious outcomes.

How Are Murmurs In Heart Valvular Disease Detected, And What Do They Indicate?

Abnormal sounds in the heart as a result of disturbed flow of blood due to afflicted heart valves are known as murmurs. These murmurs indicate heart disease and are detected through a stethoscope during physical examination.  Here is a look at the process and the findings from murmurs among patients with this.

Murmurs are detected using a stethoscope on various areas such as the chest and back, in a process known as auscultation. The actual location of the abnormal sounds in the chest and the timing help in zeroing in on the affected valve. For instance, murmurs may occur either during the systolic or diastolic phase, and this helps in identifying the valve. When a murmur is detected, it is usually followed by an echocardiogram, to conclusively identify the heart valves and to confirm the diagnosis.

Murmurs are tell-tale signs of the nature of fault in the heart valves, such as stenosis, a condition where the valve is narrowed, affecting flow of blood. Another condition is regurgitation, where the valve leaks, causing blood to flow back. Additionally, different valves may have specific murmurs, such as aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation etc.

Which Approach To Heart Valve Disease Treatment Is Ideal?

The ideal treatment of heart valve disease may rely on one of many approaches, and will depend on the intensity, the nature and the stage of the disease. It is therefore difficult to claim that certain approaches are better than other approaches. The different treatment options include the following:

  1. Periodic monitoring – ideal for mild cases, especially cases without aggravated symptoms. Actions include periodic monitoring and follow-ups for appointment. 
  2. Medicines – are useful in managing symptoms and also help prevent complications. Medicines include diuretics, beta-blockers, anticoagulants.
  3. Surgery – may be required when the condition is serious.  This could either be for surgically replacing the damaged valve or surgically repairing the damaged valve. The replacement valves could either be mechanical or biological.
  4. Other minimally invasive procedures – include transcatheter aortic valve replacement for patients unsuitable for open-heart surgery.

What Is Valvular Heart Disease?

This is a condition wherein one or more valves of the heart are defective. There are four valves in the heart – mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary. These valves regulate the flow of blood through the heart and the body. Different types of heart valve disease cause malfunctioning of the vales, affecting flow of blood. These conditions include:

  • Stenosis – when a valve is narrowed, affecting blood flow.  
  • Regurgitation – when a valve fails to close as required, causing leakage of blood.
  • Prolapse – when the flap of the valve bulges inward, causing regurgitation.

The causes of the condition include congenital heart defects, natural age related changes, specific infections, and other degenerative diseases.

Are There Genetic Tests To Check For Congenital Defects The Cause?

There are genetic tests that can help to look for congenital defects that cause this. There are three types of tests:

  1. Targeted gene panels – are tests that look at specific genes associated with congenital heart defects that affect heart valves. These tests identify mutations in genes that have a role in the development of the heart.
  2. Whole exome sequencing – is a comprehensive test of all the protein-coding regions of the genome. This permits identification of rare or novel genetic variants linked to congenital heart diseases.
  3. Whole genome sequencing – is a test that analyzes the entire genome, offering complete information to identify genetic variants not covered by the above two tests. 

Advanced genetic testing facilities are presently available in Tamilnadu, offering a detailed analysis of your saliva or blood samples. This uncovers inherited conditions and congenital defects, facilitating timely treatment.

Is Degenerative Valvular Heart Disease Different From Valvular Heart Disease?

Yes, degenerative heart disease is a subset of valvular heart disorder. Though both the conditions and terms indicate some disease, there is a distinct difference between the subset and the main condition. Here is a quick look at the main differences of degenerative heart disease.

The condition refers to the progressively worsening condition of the heart valves. This could be as a result of advancing age or normal wear and tear. The condition involves the gradual loss of structural integrity of the valves, and this results in issues such as stenosis or regurgitation. The main reason is typically age-related degeneration. For instance, calcification of valve leaflets or changes that occur in the tissue composition of the valves. There could be other reasons such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia.

The main difference can be summed up as follows:

  • Valvular heart disease refers to all types of valve problems, whereas degenerative valvular heart disease refers only to age-related deterioration that affects valve function.
  • Degenerative valvular heart disease is mostly due to chronic wear and tear, which occurs over time, whereas valvular heart disease is attributed to either congenital defects or infections.
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